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| Personality | show 🗑
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| show | Nomoethic approach- focuses on finding universal laws that apply to all people to identify the aspects of personality that everyone has. Idiographic approach- focuses on studying the unique aspects of that single individual
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| show | Darwin- man is not special and can be studied like any other part of the natural order. Helmholtz - law of the conservation of energy. Bruke- all living organisms are energy systems. Freud combined all this and said that the human personality is energy sy
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| Freud's 2 main drives | show 🗑
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| show | Id, super-ego, and ego
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| Id | show 🗑
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| show | Its role is to restrain the drives of the Id in order to maintain relationships and integrate into society. the ego operates on the reality principle, which is to balance the ID's drives with the realities of social life
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| Super-ego | show 🗑
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| show | Dream interpretation. Free association- practice in which a person was encouraged to speak without restraint. Parapraxis/Freudian slip- slip of the tongue of can reveal aspects of the unconsciousness
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| When the Id and superego can't reconcile | show 🗑
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| show | Reality anxiety- came from objective dangers in the environment, neurotic anxiety- related to fears of losing control over the Id, moral anxiety- came from fears of past or future or immoral behavior --> to cope with anxiety we develop defense mechanisms
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| show | Unconscious strategies for managing and reducing anxiety
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| show | Process of burying anxiety away in the unconscious = "out of sight, out of mind"
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| Regression | show 🗑
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| Reaction Formation | show 🗑
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| Rationalization | show 🗑
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| Intellectualization - | show 🗑
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| Displacement | show 🗑
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| show | Unconscious refusal to admit to the reality of a situation causing anxiety, ex: spouse overlooks evidence of an affair
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| show | Refers to projecting one's own fears and anxieties on to other people. Ex: insisting that a classmate that you hate, hates you
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| Sublimination | show 🗑
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| Psychosexual stages of development (OAPLG) | show 🗑
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| show | Boy develops sexual desire for mother and also begins to identify with his father. boy harbors unconscious wishes to murder his father. boy worries that father will seedesires and castrate him (castration anxiety). Instead, boy learns to identify like Dad
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| The negative outcome of Oedipus complex | show 🗑
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| Electra complex | show 🗑
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| Carl Jung | show 🗑
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| Jung's view on unconsciousness | show 🗑
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| Archetypes and examples | show 🗑
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| show | Extroverts - focus on external world and social life. Introverts- focus on internal thoughts and feelings. Jung felt that everyone had both qualities, but one is usually dominant
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| show | Rational individuals- people who regulate their actions through thinking and feeling. Irrational individuals- people who base their actions on perceptions, either through their senses or intuition
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| show | he believed Freud overly focused on sexual and aggressive drives and there was no conflict between the ID and superego. early social interactions influence the development of the inferiority complex or a strive for superiority. father of humanistic psych
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| show | Found Freud's approach male-centric. she suggested that males experience womb envy which drives them to compensate by dominating and disparaging women.
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| Neurotic trends (horney) | show 🗑
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| Erik Erikson | show 🗑
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| show | 1)culture bound ideas - Freud made no connection between women's subordinate status in society and their sense of inferiority. 2) psychodynamic theories are largely untestable and in any scientific way. 3) most concepts arise out of clinical practice
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| show | personality develops throughout life and does not fixed in childhood. Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual. Gender identity may developed before 5-6 yrs. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish-fulfillment.
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| show | Verbal slips could be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices. Unlike Freud's theory most PTSD patients are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious
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| show | How can we measure the differences between people? How can we use these differences to predict behavior?
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| show | attempts to tap into person's characteristic ways of interpreting or assessing ambiguous stimuli. These types of assessments are idiographic. Includes Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT
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| show | Created ambiguous stimuli which were open to interpretations --> psychiatrist can uncover unconscious influences and elements of a patient's mind
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| Thematic apperception Test/TAT | show 🗑
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| show | Do stated views reveal how a person is or how they want to be seen? Do respondents create bizarre narratives because those come to mind easily? Can similar answers be given for different underlying reasons? Examiner bias?
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| Trait based assessment | show 🗑
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| Problems with self-reports | show 🗑
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| show | Attempts to assess citrate in an indirect way that is difficult for the participant to conceal
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| show | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
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| Self-actualizing person (maslow) | show 🗑
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| Self-actualization and the Jonah complex | show 🗑
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| show | Perceive - description of yourself. Ideal - how you would like to be. from a humanistic perspective, a self-actualized person finds the perceived self as completely congruent with the ideal self.
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| Humanistic personality theories | show 🗑
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| Carl Rogers | show 🗑
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| Rogers form of assessing personality | show 🗑
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| How to become fully functioning | show 🗑
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| show | Humanistic psych has large impact on education and childhood. concepts in humanistic psych are vague, subjective and lack of scientific basis. these theories as overly optimistic and that they ignore the nature of human evil. Self centeredness
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| show | Bandura- we each have a set of personal standards that grew out of our own life history and that shape our behavior. Behavior is seen as the interaction of cognition, learning, and the current environment
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| Cognitive-social expectancies | show 🗑
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| show | Expectancies form performance standards. This leads people to conduct themselves according to performance standards- individually determined standards of excellence by which we judge our behavior
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| show | After meeting your own performance standards, the expectancy is that your efforts will be successful
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| Locus of control | show 🗑
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| Forer/Barnum Effect | show 🗑
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| Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) | show 🗑
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| show | Allport-identied too many words to represent traits. Cardinal dispositions -characterized just about everything a person did + revealed most about personality, Central traits - influenced many thoughts or behaviors, secondary traits- influenced only a few
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| show | Trait focused on in 1940s to understand to the rise of fascism. Referred to a tendency for obedience to authority, conformity, and political convertism
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| Which traits should be considered most important | show 🗑
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| show | Cattell used factor analysis to develop a 16 personality factor inventory --> 16PF assessment
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| Hans Eysenck | show 🗑
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| show | Melancholic- high neuroticism/low extraversion, choleric- high neuroticism/high extraversion, sanguine- low neuroticism/high extraversion, phlegmatic- low neuroticism/low extraversion
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| show | Researchers today focus on 5 main traits because Eysenck's were too small and Cattell's too large so... OCEAN= openness / culture, conscientiousness, extraversion/introversion, agreeableness, neurotism/ emotional stability
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| show | How an individual's particular combination of traits interact with one another
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| show | They are quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development
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| show | 50% or so for each trait
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| show | Yes. Conscientious people are morning type an extroverted are evening type
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| Experience sampling | show 🗑
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| show | How a person processes information, makes decisions, and chooses behaviors. the trade based perspective can be accused of using circular logic to evade provide an explanation to how personality works
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| Biological perspective to personality | show 🗑
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| show | A reward seeking system related to dopamine pathways and greater activity in left prefrontal cortex in responding to incentives and rewards
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| show | involving serotonin and gaba pathways and greater activity in the right prefrontal cortex. this system is more reactive to punishments and is related to anxiety, aversion, disgust and fear
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| The person-situation controversy | show 🗑
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| show | including competencies, and coding strategies, personal constructs, expectancies, values, and plans which all play a role in building personality
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| Self schema and self-serving bias | show 🗑
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| show | How every person deals with existence. How we deal with existential crisis may create our personality
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| Terror management | show 🗑
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| Wobegon effect/ illusory superiority | show 🗑
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| show | Kelly- ways we understand that the traits and behaviors of others
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| Reciprocal determinism | show 🗑
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| Identity claims | show 🗑
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| Behavior residue | show 🗑
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| show | observer consensus is not equally strong for all trades judged by far, the strongest consensus was obtained for extra virgin, with conscientiousness and distant second, and the least consensus found for agreeableness
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| Hypothesis on momentary impressions | show 🗑
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| show | observers to notice the residue or evidence. Then observers Jennifer the behaviors have that created the physical evidence. Finally observers shouldn't for the traits that underlie the behaviors
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| Accuracy criteria | show 🗑
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| What the cues are correlated with | show 🗑
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