NC Pesticide Cert. Core Manual terms A-D
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| Absorption | the movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms or soil
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| Acaricide | a pesticide used to control mites and ticks. A miticide is a type of acaricide
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| Acidic | Having a pH less than 7.
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| Action Threshold | A predetermined level of pest infestation or damage at which some type of pest management action must be taken
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| Activated Charcoal | A finely ground charcoal that absorbs chemicals
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| Active Ingredient | The chemical or chemicals in a product responsible for pesticidal activity.
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| Acute Effect | An illness that occurs shortly after exposure to a pesticide.
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| Acute Exposure | An exposure to a single dose of pesticide.
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| Acute Toxicity | An injury produced from a single exposure. (Compare to CHRONIC TOXICITY.)
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| Adjuvant | A substance added to a pesticide to improve its effectiveness or safety. Same as additive. Ex: penetrants, spreader-stickers, wetting agents.
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| Absorption | The process whereby chemicals are held or bound to a surface by physical or chemical attraction. Clay and high-organic soil tend to adsorb pesticides.
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| Adulterated Pesticide | A pesticide that does not conform to the specified standard or quality as documented on its label or labeling.
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| Aerosol | A chemical stored in a container under pressure. An extremely fine mist is produced when the material, dissolved in a liquid, is released into the air.
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| Agitation | The process of stirring or mixing in a sprayer.
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| Air-Blast Sprayer | A type of pesticide application equipment that uses a large volume of air moving at high speed to break up and disperse spray droplets from the nozzles.
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| Alkaline | Having a pH greater than 7; also called basic.
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| Allergic Effects/Allergy | A hypersensitivity to a specific substance, often called the allergen. An allergy may cause dermatitis, blisters, hives; it could also cause illness, asthma, life-threatening shock. Often the entire body is affected.
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| Allergic Effects/Allergy Sumptoms | Pesticide allergy symptoms are similar to other allergy symptoms -reddening and itching of eyes, respiratory discomfort, asthma like symptoms.
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| Annual | A plant that completes its life cycle in one year.
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| Antagonism | The reduction of pesticide activity when two or more different pesticides are mixed together.
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| Antidote | A practical treatment used to counteract the effects of pesticide poisoning or some other poison in the body.
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| Anti-Siphoning Device | A hose attachment designed to prevent backflow of a pesticide mix from the spray tank into a water source.
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| Aquifer | A geologic formation from which groundwater can be drawn. An aquifer can be a layer of sand, gravel, other soil materials, or a section of bedrock with fractures through which water can flow.
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| Attractant | A substance or device to lure insects or other pests to a trap or poison bait.
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| Back-Siphoning | The movement of a liquid pesticide mixture from a spray tank through the filling hose into the water source.
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| Bait | A food or other substance used to attract a pest to a pesticide or a trap
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| Beneficial Insect | An insect that is useful or helpful to humans. Ex: pollinators, parasites, predators of pests.
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| Biennial | A plant that completes its life cycle in two years.
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| Bioaccumulation | The ability of organisms to accumulate or store chemicals in their tissues.
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| Biological Control | The control of pests using predators, parasites, disease-causing organisms. It may be naturally occurring or introduced.
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| Biological Degradation | The breakdown of chemicals due to the activity of living organisms, especially bacteria and fungi in the soil.
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| Biopesticide | A pesticide derived from naturally occurring materials.
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| Boom | A pesticide application device attached to a truck, tractor, aircraft, or other vehicle, or held by hand, to which multiple spray nozzles are attached.
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| Botanical Pesticide | A pesticide produced from naturally occurring chemicals in plants. Ex: nicotine, pyrethrum, rotenone.
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| Brand Name | The registered or trade name, number, or designation given to a specific pesticide product or device by the manufacturer or formulator.
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| Broadcast Application | The uniform application of a pesticide or other material over an entire field or area.
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| Broadleaf Plants | Plants with broad, rounded, or flattened leaves with netted veins. Ex: dandelions and roses. Different from the narrow, bladelike leaves with parallel veins of grasses, sedges, rushes, and onions.
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| Broad-Spectrum Pesticide | A pesticide that is effective against a wide range of pests.
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| Buffers | Adjuvants used to retard chemical degradation of some pesticides by lowering the pH of alkaline water and maintaining the pH within a narrow range even with the addition of acidic or alkaline materials
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| Calibrate/Calibration | To properly adjust equipment; to determine the correct amount of material to be applied to the target area.
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| Carcinogen | A substance or agent able to produce malignant tumors (cancer).
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| Carrier | An inert liquid, solid, or gas added to an active ingredient to make a pesticide formulation. A carrier is also the material, usually water or oil, used to dilute the formulated product for application.
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| Caution | The signal word associated with pesticide products classified as slightly toxic.
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| Certified Applicator | A person qualified to apply or supervise the application of restricted-use pesticides.
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| Chemical Name | The technical name of the active ingredient(s) found in the formulated product. The complex name is derived from the chemical structure of the active ingredient.
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| Chemigation | The application of pesticides or fertilizers to a target site in irrigation water. Also known as injector systems when used in greenhouses.
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| Chronic Toxicity | The ability of small amounts of pesticide from repeated, prolonged exposure to cause injury. (See ACUTE TOXICITY.)
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| Commercial Applicator | A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of pesticides fro purposes other than those covered under a private applicator certification.
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| Common Name | Name given to a pesticide active ingredient by a recognized committee on pesticide nomenclature. Many pesticides are known by a # of trade or brand names, but each active ingredient has only one recognized common name. Ex: Sevin insecticide is Carbaryl.
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| Compatibility Agent | An adjuvant used to enhance the mixing of two or more pesticide products and/or fertilizers.
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| Compatible | When two or more chemicals can be mixed together without reducing the effectiveness or characteristics of any individual chemical in the mixture, they are said to be compatible.
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| Contact Effects | Injury at the point of contact, including skin discoloration and irritation (dermatitis) such as itching, redness, rashes, blisters, and burns, Also swelling, stinging, burning of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat are contact effects
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| Contact Pesticide | Any pesticide that controls pest organisms upon contact. These may be insecticides, miticides, fungicides or herbicides
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| Containment Pad | An impermeable pad used for mixing and loading pesticides and clearing equipment that is designed to catch spills, leaks, overflows, and wash water for reuse or disposal.
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| Contamination | The presence of an unwanted substance in or on a plant, animal, soil, water, air or structure. (See RESIDUE.)
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| Corrosive Poison | A poison containing a strong acid or base that will severely burn the skin, mouth, stomach, or respiratory tract.
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| Cross-Contamination | When one pesticide accidentally mixes with another pesticide, usually in an improperly cleaned sprayer or in storage because of the airborne movement of a volatile pesticide.
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| Curative Pesticide | A pesticide that can inhibit or kill a disease-causing organism after it is established in the plant or animal.
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| Danger - Poison | The signal word associated with pesticide products classified as highly toxic. This signal word is also associated with pesticide products that are corrosive or highly irritating to skin and eyes.
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| Decontaminate | To remove or degrade a chemical residue from the skin or a surface.
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| Defoaming Agent | An adjuvant used to reduce the foaming of a spray mixture due to agitation.
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| Defoliant | A chemical that initiates the premature drop of leaves, often as an aid in harvesting a crop.
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| Degradation | The process by which a chemical compound is broken down to simpler compounds by the action of microorganisms, water, air, sunlight, or other agents. Degradation products are usually, but not always, less toxic than the original compound.
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| Delayed Toxicity | Illnesses or injuries that do not appear immediately after exposure to pesticides. The effects generally occur between 24 hours and several days after exposure.
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| Deposit | The presence of a pesticide on a treated surface after application
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| Dermal | Pertaining to the skin.
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| Dermal Toxicity | The ability of a pesticide to cause injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin.
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| Dermatitis | The inflammation, itching, irritation, or occurrence of a skin rash after exposure to a chemical.
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| Desiccant | A chemical that promotes drying or loss of moisture from leaves or other plant parts. Also, a chemical that removes water from arthropods or destroys the waxy covering that protects these organisms from water loss.
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| Directed Application | A precise application to a specific area or site, such as a basal application to woody plants or a crack and crevice treatment in a building
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| Disinfectant | A chemical or other agent that kills or inactivates disease -producing microorganisms in animals, seeds, or other plant parts. Also, commonly refers to chemicals used to clean or surface-sterilize inanimate objects.
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| Dose, Dosage | The quantity of pesticide applied to a given site or target.
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| Drift | The airborne movement of a pesticide spray, dust, particle, or vapor beyond the intended contact area.
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| Drift Control Additive | An adjuvant added to a spray mixture to reduce drift.
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| Dry Flowable | A dry, granular pesticide formu-lation that forms a suspension when added to water. Same as WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULE.
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| Dust | A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc.
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