PGS341 Ch.3 Vocab
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| Reflexes | Unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation
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| Alert inactivity | State in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment
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| Waking activity | State in which a baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion
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| Crying | Sate in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement
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| Sleeping | State in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly; the eyes are closed throughout
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| Basic cry | cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired
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| Mad cry | More intense version of a basic cry
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| Pain cry | Cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping
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| Irregular or rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep | Irregular sleep in which an infant's eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is quite active
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| Regular (nonREM) sleep | Sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady
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| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDs) | When a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason
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| Temperament | Consistent style or pattern of behavior
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| Malnourished | Being small for one's age because of inadequate nutrition
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| Neuron | Basic cellular unit of the brain and nervous system that specializes in receiving and transmitting information
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| Cell body | Center of the neuron that keeps the neuron alive
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| Dendrite | End of the neuron that receives information; it looks like a tree with many branches
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| Axon | Tubelike structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons
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| Terminal buttons | Small knobs at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by the terminal buttons that allow neurons to communicate with each other
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| Cerebral cortex | Wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human
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| Hemispheres | Right & left halves of the cortex
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| Corpus callosum | Thick bundle of neurons that connects the two hemispheres
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| Frontal cortex | Brian region that regulate s personality and goal-directed behavior
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| Neural plate | Flat group of cells present in prenatal development that becomes the brain and spinal cord
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| Myelin | Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly
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| Synaptic pruning | Gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Pattern of brain waves recorded from electrodes that are placed on the scalp
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| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | Method of studying brain activity by using magnetic fields to track blood flow in the brain
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| Neuroplasticity | Extent to which brain organization is flexible
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| *Experience-expectant growth | Process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans
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| *Experience-dependent growth | Process by which an individual's unique experiences over a lifetime affect brain structures & organization
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| Motor skills | Coordinated movements of the muscles & limbs
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| Locomote | Ability to move around in the world
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| Fine motor skills | Motor skills associated with grasping, holding, & manipulating objects
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| Toddling | Early, unsteady form of walking done by infants
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| Toddlers | Young children who have just learned to walk
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| Dynamic systems theory | Theory that views motor development as involving many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs
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| Differentiation | Distinguishing and mastering individual motions
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| Integration | Linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole
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| Perception | Process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve imulses that are the result of physical stimulation
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| Visual acuity | Smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably
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| Cones | Specialized neurons in the back of the eye that sense color
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| Visual cliff | Glass-covered platform that appears to have a “shallow” and “deep” side; used to study infant's depth perception
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| Kinetic cues | Cues to depth perception in which motion is used to estimate depth
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| Visual expansion | Kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on the fact that an object fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer
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| Motion parallax | Kinetic cue to depth perception based on the fact that nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than do distant objects
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| Retinal disparity | Way of inferring depth based on differences in the retinal images in the left and right eyes
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| Pictorial cues | Cues to depth perception that are used to convey depths in drawings and paintings
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| Linear perspective | A cue to depth perception based on the fact that parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance
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| Texture gradient | Perceptual cue to depth based on the fact that the texture of objects changes from coarse and distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects
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| Intersensory redundancy | Infants' sensory systems are attuned to information presented simultaneously to different sensory modes
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| Theory of mind | Ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior
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