Human Development
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Forming a New Life
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| show | sperm fertilize the ovum
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| show | mother releases two eggs or fertilized ovum splits in two
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| most likely time to get pregnant | show 🗑
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| show | sex cell
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| What is fertilization also called? | show 🗑
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| show | fertilization (or conception)
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| show | zygote
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| male sex cell | show 🗑
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| female sex cell | show 🗑
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| How many ova does a girl have at birth? | show 🗑
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| What is each ovum in? | show 🗑
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| show | ovulation
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| How often does ovulation occur? | show 🗑
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| show | cilica, toward the uterus
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| show | testicles
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| show | several hundred million
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| show | swim through the cervix into the fallopian tubes to the ovum
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| show | they die, sperm absorbed by white blood cells in woman's body, ovum passes through the uterus and exits vagina
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| show | fraternal twins
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| Monozygotic twins are also known as what kind of twins? | show 🗑
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| twins conceived by the union of two different ovum with two different sperm cells (or one ovum that has split into two before fertilization) | show 🗑
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| Which types of twins are no more alike genetically than any other siblings? | show 🗑
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| Which type of twins is genetically similar? | show 🗑
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| twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization | show 🗑
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| show | temperament, left or right handed, genetic makeup
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| show | dizygotic twins
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| Which type of twins occurs by chance? | show 🗑
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| What is the rare third type of twins called? How does it occur? | show 🗑
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| What are two reasons multiple births are happening more frequently? | show 🗑
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| What are risks of having multiple births with assisted production? | show 🗑
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| How and when does fertilization normally take place? | show 🗑
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| show | monozygotic come from one ovum, two sperm; dizygotic come from two ovum and two sperm
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| How do monozygotic twins come about? | show 🗑
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| show | two sperm fertilize two different ova
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| show | increase in assisted fertilization, delayed childbearing
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| the science of genetics | show 🗑
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| show | heredity
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| What chemical is the basis for heredity? | show 🗑
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| show | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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| show | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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| show | genetic code
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| governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells | show 🗑
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| show | chromosomes
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| show | genes
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| functional units of heredity | show 🗑
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| complete sequence of genes in the human body | show 🗑
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| show | DNA
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| show | bases
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| The _ in a gene tells the cell how to make the proteins that enable it to carry out specific functions. | show 🗑
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| show | 23, 46
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| How many chromosomes does each sex cell end up with? | show 🗑
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| process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, how DNA replicates itself | show 🗑
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| type of cell division which sex cells undergo when they are developing | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| When cells divide they do what? | show 🗑
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| How are heredity and environment related at conception? | show 🗑
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| Does the mother or father's genetics determine the child's gender? | show 🗑
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| show | unite to make 23 pairs of chromosomes
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| 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression | show 🗑
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| show | sex chromosomes
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| show | female
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| show | male
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| show | X
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| show | both
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| What is the gene for maleness? | show 🗑
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| show | six to eight weeks after conception
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| How do the male sex organs start forming? | show 🗑
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| show | they developed female genitals
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| What is the signaling molecule for the female reproductive system? | show 🗑
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| show | gender differences, women are healthier, women live longer
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| show | four bases make up the genetic code which governs the formation of proteins; thousands of bases from genes which are located on a specific spot of a chromosome; many chromosomes make up the DNA; the whole sequence of DNA makes up the human genome
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| What is the structure of the human genome from largest to smallest? | show 🗑
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| show | determines traits the child will have
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| Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis. | show 🗑
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| show | Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk
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| two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait | show 🗑
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| possessing two identical alleles for a trait | show 🗑
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| show | heterozygous
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| pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed | show 🗑
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| pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait | show 🗑
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| pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait | show 🗑
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| Are single traits affected by single genes or many genes? | show 🗑
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| Traits can be affected by _. | show 🗑
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| show | mutations
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| show | none, except for monozygotic twins
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| show | phenotype
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| show | genotype
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| The phenotype is the product of what two factors? | show 🗑
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| show | multifactorial transmission
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| show | genetic predisposition
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| show | person could be good at playing music but if not provided with instrument when younger or not encouraged to play music, musical ability may not be expressed
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| show | epigenesis
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| show | no
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| What mechanism governs the functioning of genes? | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| show | epigenesis or epigenetic framework
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| "A code written in pencil in the margins around the DNA," describes what? | show 🗑
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| show | same, epigenetic markers
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| show | birth defects or disease
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| show | cancer, diabetes, heart disease
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| What environmental factors can affect epigenetic changes? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of epigenesis? | show 🗑
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| differential expression of certain genetic traits | show 🗑
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| show | imprinted gene pairs
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| gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical | show 🗑
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| show | recessive gene
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| ¬¬_ plays an important role in regulating fetal growth and development. | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal fetal growth or congenital growth disorders
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| show | 3%
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| What percentage of deaths of infants occur in the first year? | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| show | genetic defects and diseases
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| Are normal genes always dominate over those caring abnormal traits? | show 🗑
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| show | 50 – 50
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| _ are expressed only if a child receives the same recessive gene from each biological parent. | show 🗑
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| show | recessive inheritance
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| Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles resulting in partial expression of a trait | show 🗑
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| Give an example of incomplete dominance. | show 🗑
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| show | sex linked inheritance
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| parent does not have the disorder but can pass on the gene for it to her children | show 🗑
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| Why are boys more vulnerable to receiving chromosome disorders? | show 🗑
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| show | errors in cell division that occur during meiosis, can result in extra or missing chromosome
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| Some chromosomal abnormalities occur in the _ during cell division. | show 🗑
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| show | Down syndrome, extra 21st chromosome or translocation of part of the 21st chromosome
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| show | downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes
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| What happens to the brain of a Down syndrome child? | show 🗑
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| Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation and by such physical signs of the downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes | show 🗑
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| clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects | show 🗑
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| a birth defect in which much of the baby's brain is missing and some of the internal organs are malformed | show 🗑
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| show | karyotype
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| show | blood, skin, urine, fingerprints, chromosomes
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| What does a genetic counselor do? | show 🗑
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| show | behavioral genetics
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| show | behavioral genetics
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| show | between 20,000 and 25,000
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| the study of functions and interactions of the various genes | show 🗑
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| the application of genetic information to therapeutic purposes | show 🗑
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| an experimental technique for repairing or replacing defective genes | show 🗑
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| What ethical issues are involved in genetic testing? | show 🗑
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| the misconception that a person with the gene for a disease is bound to get the disease | show 🗑
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| show | only the likelihood
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| What are some concerns with genetic testing? | show 🗑
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| statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population | show 🗑
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| Does heritability refer to the relative influence of heredity and environment between populations or any particular individual? | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| What three types of correlational research do behavioral geneticists use? | show 🗑
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| In what study do researchers measure the degree to which biological relatives share certain traits and whether the closeness of the familial relationship is associated with the degree of similarity | show 🗑
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| Can family studies rule out environmental influences? | show 🗑
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| In what study do researchers look at similarities between adopted children and their adoptive families and also between the adopted children and their biological families? | show 🗑
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| Which study compares pairs of monozygotic twins with same sex dizygotic twins? | show 🗑
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| In studies of twins, why are same sex twins used? | show 🗑
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| Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder | show 🗑
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| show | substantial
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| show | Environmental inventions
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| Developmental scientists have come to regard a solely quantitative approach to the study of heredity and environment as _. | show 🗑
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| Instead of looking at genes and experience as operating directly on an organism, researchers see both as part of a complex _. | show 🗑
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| What factors can shape development? | show 🗑
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| potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a hereditary trait | show 🗑
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| Heredity can influence whether a reaction range is _. | show 🗑
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| show | norm of reaction
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| show | development is so complex and effects of differing environments so variable, these limits are unknowable and their effects unpredictable
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| show | canalization
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| show | behaviors that depend largely on maturation appear only when a child is ready, such as motor development
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| show | variations in experience such as kinds of families children grow up in, schools they attend, people they encounter
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| show | usual or typical
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| the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions | show 🗑
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| Give an example of genotype environment interaction. | show 🗑
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| show | genotype environment correlation
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| _ may be passive, reactive (evocative) or active. | show 🗑
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| What is genotype environment correlation also called? | show 🗑
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| Genes influence a person's exposure to particular environments. The environment often _ genetic differences. | show 🗑
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| What are three ways to strengthen the phenotypic expression of a genotypic tendency? | show 🗑
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| Parents who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait | show 🗑
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| Define the correlation: the child has no control over it. | show 🗑
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| show | reactive correlation
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| show | reactive
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| as children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively seek or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies | show 🗑
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| show | niche picking
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| show | non-shared environmental effects
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| According to behavioral geneticists what accounts for most of the similarity between siblings? | show 🗑
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| show | non-shared environment
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| show | genotype environment correlations
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| What may influence how children perceive and respond to treatment and what its outcome will be? | show 🗑
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| Can genes influence lifespan? | show 🗑
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| extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height and body type | show 🗑
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| Is obesity a multifactorial condition? | show 🗑
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| What percentage of the risk of obesity is genetic and what percent is environmental influence attributed to? | show 🗑
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| show | Heredity
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| What can intelligence depend upon? | show 🗑
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| (Environmental influence or Heritability) is greater and (environmental influence or heritability) is lower among poor families than economically privileged families. | show 🗑
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| show | Genetic influence, yes
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| show | Young children
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| show | Adolescences
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| _ environment is influential throughout life and is primarily responsible for changes in cognitive performance. | show 🗑
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| characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations | show 🗑
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| show | Temperament
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| show | schizophrenia
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| show | Schizophrenia, autism, alcoholism, depression
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| Can heredity alone produce mental disorders? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | Lack of reelin, neurological insults in fetal life, exposure to influenza, maternal rubella, respiratory infections in second or third trimester, obstetric complications, poor or severely deprived as result of a war or famine, advanced paternal age
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| show | gestation
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| show | Germinal, embryonic, fetal
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| show | Embryo, fetus
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| Development proceeds according to what two fundamental principles? | show 🗑
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| show | gestational age
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| show | germinal stage
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| What month of prenatal development: growth is more rapid than any other time during prenatal or postnatal life, embryo reaches 10,000 times greater size, blood flows, umbilical cord forms, miniscule heart | show 🗑
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| What month of prenatal development: embryo becomes a fetus, facial parts are clearly developed, arms, legs, thin covering of skin, bone cells appear, stomach produces digestive juices, react to tactile stimulation | show 🗑
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| What month of prenatal development: fingernails, toenails, eyelids, vocal cords, lips, prominent nose, sex can be detected, organ systems functioning, swallow amniotic fluid, ribs and vertebrae turned to cartilage, mouth can open, close, swallow | show 🗑
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| show | four months
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| show | five months
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| show | six months
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| show | seven months
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| show | eight months
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| show | nine months
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| show | Mitosis
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| show | 800 billion
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| As the fertilized ovum is dividing, where is it traveling? | show 🗑
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| a fluid filled spear which flows freely in the uterus until the sixth day after fertilization | show 🗑
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| show | 10 to 20%
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| show | Embryonic disc
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| show | embryonic disc
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| The embryonic disc will differentiate into what three layers? | show 🗑
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| show | ectoderm
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| show | the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and nervous system including the brain
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| show | the lower layer of the embryonic disc, will become the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, respiratory system
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| the lower layer of the embryonic disc | show 🗑
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| show | mesoderm
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| What does the mesoderm include? | show 🗑
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| show | Umbilical cord
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| What are the parts of the blastocyst cluster? | show 🗑
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| show | amniotic sac
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| show | placenta
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| helps to combat an internal infection and gives the unborn child immunity to various diseases | show 🗑
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| second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs | show 🗑
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| What is the critical period, when the embryo is most vulnerable to destructive influences in the prenatal environment? | show 🗑
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| show | spontaneous abortion
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| What is another name for spontaneous abortion? | show 🗑
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| the first three-month period of pregnancy | show 🗑
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| show | 3 out of 4
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| dead at or after the 20th week of gestation | show 🗑
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| final stage of gestation (from eight weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size | show 🗑
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| During the fetal stage, the fetus grows to _ times its previous length. Organs and body systems become more _. | show 🗑
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| Can fetuses feel pain? When can I start to feel pain? | show 🗑
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| prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally | show 🗑
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| show | Male
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| In a fetus, what can stimulate the budding senses of taste and smell and may contribute to the development of organs needed for breathing and digestion? | show 🗑
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| What suggests that fetuses can hear and feel? | show 🗑
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| Familiarity with the mother's voice may have been evolutionary survival function, what might that be? | show 🗑
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| When do fetuses start to respond to sound and vibration? | show 🗑
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| show | about 36 weeks
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| show | Yes
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| show | teratogenic
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| show | 14 to 40 pounds
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| What can make a difference with teratogenic factors? | show 🗑
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| During pregnancy can gaining too little or too much weight be risky? | show 🗑
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| show | Baby needs to be delivered by cesarean section, more birth defects, complications of pregnancy, miscarriage, difficulty inducing labor
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| What is a risk of gaining too little weight during pregnancy? | show 🗑
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| show | Mother's weight, what mother eats, nutrition, drug intake, maternal illness, maternal anxiety, stress, maternal age, outside environmental hazards
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| What long-range effects can prenatal malnutrition have? | show 🗑
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| What affect can medical drugs have on a fetus? | show 🗑
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| What medication can be taken by a pregnant or breast-feeding woman? | show 🗑
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| What affect can alcohol have on a fetus? | show 🗑
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| show | Short attention span, distractibility, restlessness, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, memory deficits, mood disorders, aggressiveness, problem behavior
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| show | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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| show | Diagnosed early, reared and stable nurturing environments
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| When should a woman start avoiding alcohol and can she resumed drinking? | show 🗑
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| What affect can nicotine have on a fetus? | show 🗑
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| show | When the child also experiences economic hardships, substandard housing, malnutrition, and adequate clothing
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| Is caffeine considered a teratogenic? | show 🗑
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| show | Twice the risk of miscarriage
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| show | sudden death in infancy
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| show | Birth defects, low birth weight, withdrawal symptoms, increase risk of attention disorders, learning problems, impaired attention, impulsivity, difficulty in use of visual and perceptual skills
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| show | Spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor, low birth weight, small head size, birth defects, impaired neurological development, acute withdrawal symptoms, sleep disturbances, childhood behavior problems
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| show | Physical, motor, cognitive, emotional, behavioral deficits
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| show | Low birth weight, small for gestational age, fetal growth restriction
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| show | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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| show | All interaction's including common cold, flu, urinary tract infection, STDs
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|
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| virus crosses over to the fetuses bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or after birth through breast milk | show 🗑
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| show | Deafness, heart defects
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|
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| What symptoms does toxoplasmosis (a parasite from animals) have? | show 🗑
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| show | Fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight or blindness, seizures, miscarriage, stillbirth, death of the baby, eye infections, hearing loss, learning disabilities
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| show | Birth defects, especially of the heart and spinal cord
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| Some tension and stress during pregnancy are _ and do not _ risk of birth complications. | show 🗑
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| show | stress
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| show | Negatively
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| What are some effects of an abnormal amount of stress on the mother? | show 🗑
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| What affect can delayed childbearing have on a fetus? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Premature or underweight babies, heightened risk of death in first month, disabilities, health problems
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| show | Air pollution, chemicals, radiation, extremes of heat and humidity, other environmental hazards
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| show | Premature, undersized abnormality, chromosomal abnormality, low birth weight, slowed fetal growth, asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders, cancer, IQ deficit
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| show | Mental retardation, small head size, chromosomal malformations, down syndrome, seizures, poor performance on IQ test/in school
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| show | Marijuana or tobacco smoke, alcohol, radiation, DES, pesticides, high ozone levels, occupation
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| What affect can a man's sperm have on a fetus? | show 🗑
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| show | Low birth weight, infant respiratory infections, sudden infant death, cancer and childhood and adulthood
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|
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| What affect can an older father’s sperm have on a fetus? Why? | show 🗑
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| What affect can a younger father’s sperm have on a fetus? | show 🗑
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| Are scientists able to detect an unborn baby's progress and well-being? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | Screaming for defects and diseases, can prevent maternal or infant death, other birth complications, information about pregnancy, childbirth, infant care
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| show | Increasing number of multiple births, benefits of prenatal care are not evenly distributed
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| Why is preconception care needed? | show 🗑
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| show | fertilization- union of sperm and ovum, form a one celled zygote, duplicated by cell division
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|
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| What causes multiple births? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which twins have different genetic makeup? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which twins have the same genetic makeup? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | temperament, etc.
🗑
|
||||
| show | mother's ovum carries a X chromosome, father's sperm carries X or Y chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| How does heredity operate in transmitting normal and abnormal traits? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | genes
🗑
|
||||
| What are genes made of? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does DNA do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Why is each gene located in a specific place on a chromosome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the complete sequence of genes in the human body called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How many chromosomes are received at conception? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 22 pairs
🗑
|
||||
| How many pairs of chromosomes are sex chromosomes? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | female
🗑
|
||||
| show | male
🗑
|
||||
| What are the simplest patterns of genetic transmission? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Homozygous or Heterozygous trait: a pair of alleles are the same. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Homozygous or Heterozygous trait: a pair of alleles are different | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most normal human characteristics are the result of _. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Does each child inherit a unique genotype? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Does a person's phenotype always express the underlying genotype? Why? | show 🗑
|
||||
| _ controls the functions of particular genes. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | by environmental factors
🗑
|
||||
| What can birth defects and diseases be a result of? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What can genetic counseling do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | both
🗑
|
||||
| show | behavioral genetics, family/adoption/twin studies
🗑
|
||||
| How do heredity and environment work together? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Research in behavioral genetics in based on what assumption? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | family studies, adoption studies, twin studies
🗑
|
||||
| If _ is an important influence on a trait, then genetically closer people will be more _ in that trait. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Siblings tend to be more _ than _ in intelligence and personality. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obesity
🗑
|
||||
| show | obesity, longevity, intelligence, temperament, other aspects of personality
🗑
|
||||
| show | Schizophrenia
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three stages of prenatal development? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | first two weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, implantation in the wall of the uterus
🗑
|
||||
| What happens during embryonic development? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens during fetal development? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | spontaneous abortion
🗑
|
||||
| As fetuses grow, what happens to their movement? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What might stimulate the taste and smell to a fetus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What can fetuses start to mentally do before birth? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What environmental influences can affect prenatal development? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Can a developing organism be greatly affected by its prenatal environment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | yes
🗑
|
||||
| show | timing and intensity of environmental event and interaction with genetic factors
🗑
|
||||
| What techniques can assess a fetus is health? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | can lead to detection of defects and disorders, reduce maternal and infant death, low birth weight, other birth complications
🗑
|
||||
| show | increase chances of good pregnancy outcomes
🗑
|
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