Chapters 1, 2, and 3
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| show | People and situations have the power to influence our behavior like the men who continued to inflict someone pain on the “student”.
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| What are channel factors (aka "nudges")? | show 🗑
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| show | Automatic tasks can be controlled with little to no attention while controlled tasks requires more attention (requires more cognitive resources)
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| show | Can react without thinking, it is generally fast and based on instinct, and it does not require conscious processes.
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| show | Repeated practice can make some controlled task automatic like walking, talking, writing, driving, speech patterns. Tasks behavior becomes predictable.
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| show | One’s interpretation of or inference about the stimuli or situation that one confronts.
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| show | Experience allows us to make inferences about familiar stimuli.
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| show | Schemas helps us to understand how to react in certain situations and stereotypes helps rule out any other possibilities of what we assume. It can be accessed automatically.
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| show | influence the way we construe situations. Social norms
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| show | It influences the way we construe situations
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| Humans are cognitive misers—what does this mean? | show 🗑
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| show | That Human behaviors and instincts are universal.
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| show | Yes! Both express dominance and submission, anger and fear, through similar facial expressions.
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| show | 1. we live in groups
2. we develop language
3. we develop gender roles
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| show | The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision making and where we process complex thoughts and emotions. It provided a window into development of social behavior by tracing physical changes in the brain.
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| Why do we say humans are cultural animals, not just social animals? | show 🗑
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| What are social norms? | show 🗑
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| show | Impendent tend to be more inward focused and emphasizes on the personal uniqueness individual identity while interdependent societies tends to be more outward focused and they define themselves to be part of a collective or group.
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| how do they differ in the importance of personal uniqueness? | show 🗑
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| show | To describe, make predictions, and explain.
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| Why can’t we rely on our personal observations to provide explanations? | show 🗑
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| How are hypotheses involved in the research process? | show 🗑
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| How are theories related to hypotheses? | show 🗑
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| show | People asking question that involves in interviews and written questions.
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| show | Random selection captures the proportions of given types of people in the population as a whole while convenience sampling can produce proportions that are severely skewed away from the actual population as a whole.
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| show | Positive moves in the same direction, negative moves in opposite directions, and zero means there’s no relationship at all.
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| What does the correlation coefficient tell us? | show 🗑
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| show | +1 and -1
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| What kind of conclusion can we draw from correlational research? | show 🗑
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| show | No. Correlation does not mean causation because there is always a possibility that there is a third variable present that may affect the DV.
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| What 3 conditions must be met for a study to be considered a valid experiment? | show 🗑
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| What is the main advantage of experimental studies? | show 🗑
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| show | Other variables that may influence the DV
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| what is the difference between confounding and noise? | show 🗑
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| show | A mean of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance.
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| show | Effect of a single IV
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| show | Combined effect of two IV’s
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| show | External validity shows how well the results of a study generalize to contexts outside the conditions of the lab. Internal validity shows confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results.
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| did subjects perceive the manipulation as intended? (what is a manipulation check?) | show 🗑
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| show | Demand characteristics are features of the experiment that give clues about hypothesis.
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| is there experimenter bias? (how would we reduce it?) | show 🗑
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| Reliability – what is it? | show 🗑
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| Replication – what is it? | show 🗑
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| show | A committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research.
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| show | A participant signed agreement to participate in a procedure or a research study after learning all of its relevant aspects.
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| What is self-concept? | show 🗑
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| The sum total of beliefs we have about ourselves: mildly accurate; to see yourself with 100% accuracy is depression | show 🗑
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| show | Self-concept is both stable and malleable because it is multi-dimensional
Ex: language around older relatives
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| common components of self-concept (from "list 3 things" class exercise) | show 🗑
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| show | The self-concept is mildly accurate because humans tend to want to stay positive and self-enhance themselves. The only time it is 100% accurate is during depression.
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| show | Observation – of own behavior and of thoughts and feelings
• Observing one’s own behavior (self-perception)
• Looking at others vs. Oneself
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| Reflected appraisal – what is it? why is it often inaccurate? | show 🗑
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| when are we likely to do social comparison? | show 🗑
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| show | looking at someone and comparing to someone of a higher/better skilled dimension
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| show | looking at someone and comparing to someone worse off than one (a lower dimension)
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| lateral social comparison | show 🗑
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| motives for comparison (what type of comparison other would be chosen? what would be the "direction" of comparison?) | show 🗑
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| show | • Inwardly focused
• Autonomous: working independently
• Self-concept focuses on traits, abilities and attitudes internally
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| what are the characteristics of interdependent self construal? | show 🗑
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| show | It affects the way we pay attention to social contexts because we may have socioeconomic status’ and ethnic and racial groups that influence our own independence or interdependence.
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| how does gender influence self-construal? | show 🗑
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| what are some reasons for these differences in gender influence? | show 🗑
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| show | behavior that can excuse a poor performance or a failure.
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| show | focuses on people's efforts to maintain on overall sense of self -worth when confronted with feedback or events that threaten a valued self-image.
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| show | ensures that a person's behavior fits the demands of the social context
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| show | related to the public self. people present themselves the way they want others to see them
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| show | -believe they're above average in positive traits
-inflated sense of control
-unrealistic optimism
- self-serving bias
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| When is it likely to develop? Unstable high self esteem | show 🗑
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| show | -observing one's own behavior (self-perception)
-Looking at others vs. oneself
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| self-schemas | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that people sometimes strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about themselves because such self views give them a sense of coherence and predictability
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