Chapter 11 Vocabulary: Industry and Energy
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| Bulk-gaining industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
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| Bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weights less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
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| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
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| Consumptive water usage | The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid
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| Cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the industrial revolution
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| Fission | The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
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| Fordist productions | A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
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| Fossil fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
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| Fusion | Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium
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| Geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks
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| Greenhouse effect | The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
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| Just-in-time delivery | Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
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| Labor-intensive industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
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| Maquiladora | A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
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| New international division of labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
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| Nonconsumptive water usage | The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid
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| Nonpoint source pollution | Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area
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| Nonrenewable energy | A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
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| Outsourcing | A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
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| Ozone | A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9-30 miles) above Earth's surface.
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| Passive solar energy systems | Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.
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| Photochemical smog | An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions
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| Point source pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source
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| Pollution | Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.
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| Post-Fordist production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
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| Potential reserve | The amount of resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.
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| Recycling | The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material
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| Remanufacturing | The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts
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| Renewable energy | A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people
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| Right to work law | A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
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| Sanitary landfill | A place to deposit solid waste, where the layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
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| Site factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
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| Situation factors | Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
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| Vertical integration | An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
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