psychology101 #2
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| Personality | show 🗑
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| Personality view types | show 🗑
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| show | One thinks and behaves consistently across situations.
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| Situationist view | show 🗑
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| Interactionist view | show 🗑
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| show | Openess, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (OCEAN)
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| Openess | show 🗑
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| show | competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, deliberation, self-discipline.Undependable - Dependable
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| Extraversion | show 🗑
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| Agreeableness | show 🗑
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| Neuroticism | show 🗑
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| show | Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism/Nonconformity
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| Psychoticism/Nonconformity | show 🗑
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| Eysenck | show 🗑
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| show | Innate tendencies to behave in certain ways, Influences how people act, think, & feel, Correlation between temperament at infancy & adulthood
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| show | Sociability, Emotionality, Impulsivity.
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| Sociability | show 🗑
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| show | Inclination to be aroused in emotional situations when distress, fear & anger are involved.
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| Impulsivity | show 🗑
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| personality traits | show 🗑
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| show | -different numbers of factors -nearly all have extroversion and neuroticism -useful for conceptualizing personality -not very effective in predicting behavior
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| What is one way to measure personality? | show 🗑
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| show | includes Rorschach and TAT, concerns about validity and reliability
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| biological tendencies that affect personality | show 🗑
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| Conscious mind | show 🗑
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| Preconscious mind | show 🗑
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| show | Hidden thoughts and desires, Defenses from childhood abuse
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| show | patients to say whatever came to their mind to tap the unconscious.
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| show | unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Is present at birth. Home to sexual and aggressive drive. Governed by the pleasure principle
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| pleasure principle | show 🗑
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| The superego | show 🗑
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| show | Ultimate ideal of what a person should be
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| The ego | show 🗑
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| Reality Principle | show 🗑
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| show | Oral stage (birth to 1½ years), Anal stage (1½ to 3 years), Phallic stage (3 to 6 years): Castration anxiety & Oedipus complex, Latency period (6 to puberty), Genital stage (puberty onward).
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| show | Pleasure comes from mouth, Developmental task is successfully weaning, Oral fixation leads to biting, eating, etc.
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| Anal Stage | show 🗑
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| Phallic stage | show 🗑
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| Oedipus Complex | show 🗑
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| show | Girl’s experience, Angry with mother for not giving them a penis, Jealous of mother’s relationship with the father, Penis envy, Identify with mother, Fixation leads to trouble with reality
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| show | Sexual urges represses, Transformation of urges to socially acceptable behaviors.
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| Genital Stage | show 🗑
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| show | Woman who disagreed with Freud, Believed there was no penis envy but in reality there was Privilege Envy; Women wanted the privileges of men not a penis
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| show | Denial, Displacement, Regression, Intellectualization, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction formation, Repression, Sublimation, Undoing
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| show | Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or persons… redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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| show | Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
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| Projection | show 🗑
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| Rationalization | show 🗑
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| Reaction formation | show 🗑
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| show | banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
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| Critiques of Freud | show 🗑
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| show | Humanists believe people try to improve. Desire to become self-actualized; an innate motivation to attain the highest emotional and intellectual potential.
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| show | Believed in Client centered Therapy; focuses on client's individual growth
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| Self Concept | show 🗑
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| show | Self-actualization theory. Hierarchy of needs; The healthy personality
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| Cognitive Theory | show 🗑
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| First born or only child | show 🗑
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| show | Independent
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| show | Agreeable, Open to experience, Neurotic
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| show | More empathic, More neurotic, Greater social connectedness
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| show | Greater individuality, More aggressive, More assertive
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| Collectivism | show 🗑
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| Individualism | show 🗑
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| Memory Duration | show 🗑
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| show | How much information can be stored
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| Encoding | show 🗑
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| show | The process of retaining info in memory.
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| show | The process of digging info out of memory.
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| Novel information | show 🗑
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| Hermann Ebbinghaus | show 🗑
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| show | Iconic Memory (Visual Form), Echoic Memory (Auditory form)
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| show | Very short duration (less than 1 second), Large capacity, Lingering activation in perceptual areas of the brain, Happens automatically, without effort, via bottom up processing-processing initiated by a stimulus
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| show | Short duration (a few seconds), Small capacity (7+2 items, but some research says 4), Useful for Remembering telephone numbers, Language use, Getting information to long-term memory
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| Strategies to extend Short-term Memory | show 🗑
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| Chunking | show 🗑
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| show | Silent repetition keeps STM refreshed, Works until you are interrupted, Rehearse enough, and STM moves to LTM
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| Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| Types of Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| Explicit Memory | show 🗑
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| show | Explicit memory (declarative memories), Conscious awareness; easy to verbalize, Includes semantic and episodic. Implicit memory (nondeclarative memories), No conscious awareness; hard to verbalize, Includes skills or habits (how to ride a bike)
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| Priming | show 🗑
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| Semantic versus Episodic | show 🗑
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| Working memory | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to hold a memories (Ex. 7±2 that keeps coming up)
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| show | Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress can disrupt memory.
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| show | Gene “snipped away” disabling gene in mouse, Showed different genes for different memory types,
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| Humans (Human Genome Project) | show 🗑
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| Consolidation | show 🗑
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| Structural Consolidated memories | show 🗑
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| Depth of Processing | show 🗑
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| show | based on sensory characteristics
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| show | based on meaning (more likely to remember)
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| show | Info that is organized and integrated into what the person already knows, We can encode new information in simple or elaborate ways
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| show | repeating information
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| Elaborative encoding | show 🗑
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| show | Emotionally charged, episodic memories. Very vivid and accurate. High level of confidence. But accuracy does decrease over time.
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| Recall | show 🗑
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| show | Matching encoded input to stored representation, Multiple Choice Test
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| show | Stimuli that help us remember
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| State Dependent Retrieval | show 🗑
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| False Memories | show 🗑
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| Hippocampus | show 🗑
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| show | Memories fade away over time
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| show | new information makes it harder to remember old information.Sleep avoids retroactive interference thus leading to better recall.
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| Proactive | show 🗑
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| Encoding failure | show 🗑
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| show | People unknowingly revise their memories.
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| Repression | show 🗑
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| Amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | Disrupts previous memories, Impairment of memories before onset, Infantile/childhood amnesia, Used as a soap opera plot device.
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| show | Prevents learning new facts, Impairment of memories after onset
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| Repressed Memories | show 🗑
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| Mnemonic devices | show 🗑
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| Method of loci | show 🗑
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| show | Memorize using a list of rhymes (one is a bun), Visualize the pegword (bun) with the to be remembered item
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| show | The presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress or impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living.
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| show | Distress, Disability, Danger
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| Distress | show 🗑
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| Disability | show 🗑
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| show | Suicide/homicide, Put the client’s or someone else’s life at risk purposefully or accidentally, People may exhibit deviant behavior (in the eyes of the mainstream culture) but that is NOT dangerous.
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| Psychosis | show 🗑
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| Hallucination | show 🗑
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| show | Entrenched false beliefs.
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| Intern’s Disease | show 🗑
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| show | Imbalances of the body’s 4 fluids or humors, Yellow bile, Phlegm, Blood and Black bile.
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| Yellow bile | show 🗑
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| show | sluggish (According to the Greeks)
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| Blood | show 🗑
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| show | melancholy (According to the Greeks)
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| show | Was the work of the devil (According to the Greeks)
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| show | Today people define abnormality as
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| Diathesis-stress | show 🗑
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| Diathesis involves | show 🗑
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| show | Physical stress, Trauma/Abuse, Neglect, Relationships, Culture related stress.
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| Types of Conditioning | show 🗑
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| The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | show 🗑
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| Classification of psychological disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Conditions marked by persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life.
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| show | At least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interests in nearly all activities, along with sleep or eating disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness
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| Characteristics of MDD | show 🗑
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| Effects person’s ABC’s involving MDD | show 🗑
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| show | Not all cultures share the same symptom list. Zimbabwe (as well as some Latin and Mediterranean cultures) depression is marked by headaches. Asian culture report weakness and sense of imbalance.
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| Misconceptions of suicide | show 🗑
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| Dysthymic Disorder | show 🗑
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| Those suffering from Dysthymic Disorder suffer 2/more of following | show 🗑
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| Bipolar disorder | show 🗑
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| show | Manic episode, Prodromal phase
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| show | Period of 1 week during which an abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood persists
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| Prodromal phase | show 🗑
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| show | Often cycles with depression, Usually take place over a number of years, Some rapid cycle with four or more mood shifts a year, If left untreated the mood swings cycle quicken over time
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| How mood disorders affect the brain | show 🗑
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| The person with Mood Disorder | show 🗑
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| Beck | show 🗑
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| show | Depressed make errors in thinking, Negative views of: The world, One’s self, The future.
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| Social support network with Depressed | show 🗑
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| Anxiety Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | Fear of impending doom, Sense of unreality, Symptoms reach their peak in a few minutes, Attack can last from minutes to hours, Sometime not associated with nothing specific
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| Panic attacks | show 🗑
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| show | Exaggerated fear of an object, class of objects, or particular situations accompanied by avoidance that is extreme enough to interfere with everyday life. Avoiding the stimulus the sufferer avoids the fear and the anxiety.
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| Social phobia AKA Social anxiety disorder | show 🗑
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| Agoraphobia | show 🗑
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| Obsession | show 🗑
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| show | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that some individuals feel driven to perform in response to an obsessions (Checking, Washing, Ordering)
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | show 🗑
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| PTSD Diagnosis made with 3 conditions | show 🗑
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| PTSD symptoms | show 🗑
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| Schizophrenia | show 🗑
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| show | Involve an excess or distortion of normal functions. They are called positive not because they are desirable but because they are PRESENT
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| Positive symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | Involve a diminution or loss of normal functions
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| Negative symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | Symptoms occur gradually, Prodromal phase is characterized by slow deterioration in functioning, Eventually symptoms reach active phase and full blown + and/or – symptoms arise
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| Four subtypes (symptom clusters) | show 🗑
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| Paranoid | show 🗑
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| Disorganized | show 🗑
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| Catatonic | show 🗑
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| show | Symptoms do not fall in any of the above categories
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| Eating Disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Potentially fatal disorder characterized by the refusal to maintain even a low normal eight
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| Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa | show 🗑
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| Bulimia Nervosa | show 🗑
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| Implicit memory | show 🗑
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