Psychology Studies
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| Asch | 1951 | show | A group was told to answer a question, everyone in the same group was told to give the wrong answer which led to the subject to conform. Control- They were individually tested and they answered rightly without the influence of the group | Conformity: compliance with the standards or rules of a majority group. |
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| Geert Hofstede (Lizbeth) | show | To describe cultures and their traits on a scale: collectivism or individualism | He used data from IBM employees: 70 countries to rank cultures based on individualism and collectivism. He found that values in the workplace are influenced by culture. | Individualism: self-identity Collectivism: group identity Cultural dimension: a description of cultural values set by a specific group. |
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| Torres et Al | 2012 | Aim: Find the effect of discrimination on acculturative stress Experiment: Participants issued a questionnaire with the goal of measuring the level of discrimination, acculturative stress and psychological stress. | show | Acculturative Stress: The psychological Impact of adaption to a new culture. Psychological stress: Stress directly focused on emotions and behavior more than anything Chicano: native/descends from Mexico but lives in United States |
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| Bond and Smith | show | Aim: To investigate the replications of the Asch paradigm | Conducted a meta analysis of 133 replications of Asch experiments from 17 different countries by analyzing conformity studies. The result was that individualistic societies had a lower conformity rate. Collectivist societies had higher conformity rates. | social and cultural influences on conformity |
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| Barry et al. | 1959 | show | Gathered data from 46 cultures to measure the focus child training practices in each culture focused on things like obedience, responsibility, self-reliance, achievement, independence, etc | Correlational experiment meaning it investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. |
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| Cuddy | 2012 | show | It found that subjects who were directed to stand or sit in certain positions- legs astride, or feet on a desk- reported stronger feelings of power after posing than they did before suggesting that they are at a higher advantage than others who don't. | Power posing Theory; Biology and Competition |
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| show | 1995 | To see how stereotype threat affects test performance in African Americans | Given a 30-min standardized test. Some told that the test diagnosed intellectual ability. The assumption was that linking the test to ability would activate the existing racial stereotypes, | Intellectual Ability Stereotype Threat Conform Social / Group Pressure |
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| Tajfel and Turner, et al. | 1971 | The aim was to test if grouping people was enough to create tension/prejudice between groups of similar people. | Consisted of 64, 14-15 year old boys. Boys were placed into groups based on "their preference of artists" it was made up. They had to give money to either groups. Boys gave more money to their own group to win. | show |
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| Stanford Marshmallow Experiment (Mischell, et al. ) | show | to test the delay gratification that a child has. | In this study, a child was offered a choice between one small but immediate reward, or two small rewards if they waited for 15 minutes. | delayed gratification: resisting an action of taking a reward instead of waiting to receive a better reward in the future. |
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| Berry (Based on Barry et al's case study) | 1967 | To investigate conformity levels between two types of societies (specifically with differences in social norms and socialization practices) | Individuals were placed in rooms and were asked to choose a line out of a set of lines that was most similar to a given line . On the 3rd trial, experimenter gave the individual a "hint" of what others in their culture chose. | show |
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| Robbers Cave (Muzifer Sherif) | 1954 | To investigate how limited resources leads to competition. | A group of 22 white, Protestant, middle-class boys with married parents who were separated into groups of 11. They pursued share goals by choosing team names and designing flags.After competition, the researchers used superordinate goal, solving conflict | In-group: People you associate with Out-group: People outside your social circle Superordinate goal:collective goal | show 🗑
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| Allport's contact hypothesis | 1954 | combat bias among conflicting groups springs from a theory called the "contact hypothesis." | Gordon Allport, tested the theory holds that contact between two groups can promote tolerance and acceptance, but only under certain conditions, such as equal status among groups and common goals. | show |
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