Dev. Psych. Exam 1
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| Biologic Theory | Genetics
Looks at family histories
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| Cognitive Approach | "Faulty" thinking
Focuses on correcting thoughts
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| Behaviorism | Made psychology a measurable science
B.F. Skinner
Focuses on "faulty" behaviors
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| Social Learning Approach | "Monkey see, monkey do"
Modeling
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| Psychosexual | Sigmund Freud, Early childhood experiences, Subconscious drives (sex and aggression), 4 stage Psychosexual Theory
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| Psychosocial | Erik Erikson, 8 stage theory, "Task" for every stage of life
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| Multi-Cultural | Focuses on the traditions and beliefs of culture
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| Evolutionary | Role theory (males protect & provide, females nurture & care)
Males want to maximize reproduction, females want one good life partner.
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| Objective | No personal opinion, outside the situation
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| Subjective | Influenced by personal opinion, inside the situation
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| Longitudinal Study | Same people over a long period of time
Results do not often generalize
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| Cross-Sectional Study | Many people surveyed at one point in time
Quick & easy, results usually generalize, but data is not always truthful
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| Random Sample | Every person, regardless of race, gender, SES, etc. has an equal chance of being chosen
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| Generalization of Data | Cannot assume data about a population from one person
Must have many people to generalize
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| Case Study | In-depth look into one person or a small group
Information is interesting, but results do not generalize
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| Correlational Research | Determines the strength by which two or more variables are related
Correlation Coefficient (from -1 to 1, closer to extremes = stronger)
Positive correlation = when A increases, B increases, inverse correlation = when A increases, B decreases
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| Experimental Design | The traditional scientific research method, manipulate an independent variable to change a dependent variable
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| Nature Effects | Genetics, based on biology
Inherited traits (eye color, IQ, temperament, etc)
Determined at conception
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| Fraternal Twins | Two eggs, two sperm
Genetically, as similar as regular siblings
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| Identical Twins | 1 egg, 1 sperm, splits into two different people
Allow researchers to identify nature vs nurture effects
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| Allow researchers to identify nature vs nurture effects |
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| Nurture | Environmental effects
Based on family, where you grew up, education, etc
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| Eggs (ova) | Largest cell in the human body, ~ 450 in women at birth, release 1 per month for around 40 years, reproductive potential is finite, viability of egg - 24 hours
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| Sperm | produced continuously throughout life post-puberty, 525 billion in a lifetime, reproductive potential is limitless, viability of sperm - up to 5 days in the reproductive tract
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| Conception | release 1 egg ~ every 28 days, ovulation occurs on/around day 14 (peak fertility - days 11-17 of the menstrual cycle), fertilization takes place within the Fallopian Tube
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| Period of the Zygote | conception through week 2
massive and rapid cell division, implantation into the uterine wall - Day 10
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| Embryonic Period (Critical Period) | Weeks 3-8
often takes place outside the mother's awareness, placenta develops (nutrients/hormones), umbilical cord develops (oxygen and blood supply), all 8 organ systems develop
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| Fetal Period | Week 9-birth
a period of continued growth
Age of Viability: 25 weeks gestation
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| Pregnancy Symptoms | nausea & fatigue
adaptive response to increase the fetus' chance of survival
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| Teratogens | Dangerous agents that are toxic to the developing embryo, things like alcohol, drugs, radiation, etc
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| Stage 1 - Labor | Progressively intense uterine contractions, dilation of the cervix to 10cms
8-12 hours on average, usually more for first baby
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| Stage 2 - Pushing | More intense and rapid contractions, 30 mins on average, baby is born
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| Stage 3 - Delivery of the Placenta | Very fast, just a few extra contractions
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| Vertex position | normal position of infant in the birth canal, head down with face towards the back
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| Fetal Monitoring | attaching electrodes to the baby while giving birth in order to monitor its vitals
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| Epidural | spinal block anesthetic for pain
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| Episiotomy | incision of the perenium, opens the vaginal canal slightly wider
used by doctors if they feel you're going to tear
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| Cesarean Section (C-Section) | Incision of the uterus used to remove a baby for several reasons (improper positioning, failure to dilate, pelvic disproportion, maternal or fetal distress)
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| Footling breech presentation | Baby's foot is coming out first, head and shoulders are forward
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| Buttocks Breech presentation | Baby's buttox are coming out first, head and shoulders are forward
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| Lateral presentation | Baby is sideways in the womb during birth
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| Posterior presentation | head is down, face is forward during birth
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| Miscarriage | 15-20% of pregnancies
most occur within the first 7 weeks
Risk factors (increased teratogen exposure, increased obesity)
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| Postpartum depression | 85% feel mildly "bluesy" due to the physical demands and wild hormonal shift, some more severe
correlates with genetics, depression, and life stressors
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| Newborns | Average newborn weighs 7.5 lbs, 20", have increased oxygen supply and blood supply
vision is low (20-400), senses of touch and smell are most developed
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| Infancy and Toddlerhood | Rapid physical growth in spurts (triple birth weight with 50% increase in height)
cry to communicate
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| Developmental Milestones (Infant/Toddler) | Rolling over- 4 months, Sitting up - 6 months, Crawling - 8 months, Cruising - 10 months, Walking - 12 months
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| Piaget Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period | From age 0-2
active exploration, reach and grasp, everything goes in the mouth (mouth = school), organize experiences into "schemes", organize mental pictures - 7 months
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| Psychosexual Theory Stage 1: Oral Stage | infancy (birth-1)
focuses on feeding experiences
"oral fixation"
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| Psychosexual Theory Stage 2: Anal Stage | toddlerhood (1-2)
focus on potty training
"anal fixation"
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| Psychosocial Theory Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust | Trusting infants have a safe world, their needs are met consistently, confident in themselves
Mistrusting infants have their needs met inconsistently, they feel betrayed and are withdrawn
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| Psychosocial Theory Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | Autonomous toddlers feel special & are given reasonable choices (increases self-confidence)
Shamed/Doubtful toddlers won't try, they are criticized and punished
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| Social Referencing | Looking at a trusted caregiver to see how to emotionally react to something (ex. child scraping their knee on the sidewalk)
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| Temperament | Our "fuse"
stable by age 2
genetic, a cornerstone of personal
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| Thomas and Chase Study | Measured activity level, adaptability, attention span, and mood of children
3 temperament types: Easy Children (40%), Slow to Warm up Children (35%), Difficult Children (10%)
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| Pistol Kid/Barometer Child | the child that changes the entire mood of the family, often 'stirs the pot'
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| Attachment | Lasting, loving emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver, established in the first year of life
3 styles
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| Secure Attachment | Infant will explore, but use the parent as a 'home base', cry when they leave and calm down when they come back
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| Anxious Attachment | Didn't play around the room, seemed ambivalent when the parent left, attached to the parent when they came back
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| Avoidant Attachment | Didn't care when the parent left the room, but attacked/hit them when they came back
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| Development in Early Childhood | Ages 2-6
slow and steady growth, 2-3" and 5 lbs per year
Brain hemispheres develop, handedness appears, cerebellum fully develops (leap in balance and physical skills)
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| Fine Motor Skill development | Getting dressed, tying shows, & drawing and coloring all help ages 2-6 develop fine motor skills
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| Operations | in psychology, logical rules of thinking that all people develop in their childhood
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| Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational Thought | Magical thinkers, make-believe play, egocentric, cannot complete conservation tasks (no conservation of mass, bigger = more)
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| Psychosexual Stage 3: Phallic Stage | Oedipus & Electra Complexes
child wants opposite-sex parent all to themselves, envies same-sex parent, works out by emulating their same-sex parent
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| Psychosocial Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt | Children with initiative take steps towards their goals, have a stronger moral start and clearer sense of gender, increases confidence
Guilty children are afraid to try anything, have a cloudy sense of gender & morality, decreases confidence
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| Sense of Self in Early Childhood | based on looks, abilities, and possessions
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| Self-esteem | feelings of self worth
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| Self-confidence | layers, the idea that you can do what you set your mind to.
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| Initiative | the "great governor of the conscience", Erikson believed it was the basis of future morality
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| Guilt | Punished already, afraid to try, slower moral dev.
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| Physical growth of Middle Childhood | Slow and steady pace continues
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| Contributing factors to childhood obesity | Fast food, portion size, sedentary lifestyle
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| John Piaget stage 3 - Concrete Operations | Beginning to think logically, magical thinking starts to disappear
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| Spatial Relationships | Concept where objects are in relationship with something
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| IQ equation | Mental age / chronological age X 100
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| Intelligence Tests | Verbal ability, mathematical ability, spatial relationships, short-term memory
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| Aptitude Test vs Achievement Test | Aptitude test: Measures capacity to learn (IQ Tests, SATS)
Achievement test: Measures knowledge gained (GPA, PSSAS)
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| Freud stage 4 - Latency Stage | Energies hibernate, "Calm before the storm", cementing of the parent/child bond
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| Erik Erikson stage 4 | Inferiority <----> Industry
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| Industry | Productive, accomplished, confident
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| Inferiority | Lack productivity, withdrawn, feels inadequate
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| Social Comparisons | Judgement of others based on anything
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| Roots of Prejudice | Racial, religious, Social economic status
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| Additions to Self-esteem in middle childhood | Academic and social
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