Book: Health Psychology (9th/10th Edition) by Shelly Taylor. Chapter 1-5.
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| Health psychology | pysch and health (stress, motivate people to exercise, quit smoking, how to stay healthy, how people become ill)
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| biomedical model | maintains illness is a biological issue
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| biopsychosocial model | interplay between pyschology, biology, and social factors
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| CS-sudden nocturnal death among SE Asians | study showed that the cause was genetic susceptibility
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| need for health psychology | increase in chronic or lifestyle-related illnesses, advances in technology and research, increased medical acceptance
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| hindsight bias | after learning the outcome of an event, people believe they could have predicted the outcome
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| illusory correlation | perception of a relationship where no relationship exists
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| order in random events | given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns
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| confirmation bias | tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
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| markers of good research | objective, well-controlled, replicated
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| descriptive study | observe and record behavior; describe people, their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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| descriptive study example | case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation
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| descriptive study weakness | no control of the variables, and single studies may be misleading
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| correlational method | assess the relationship between two or more naturally occurring things
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| operational definition | working definition of each variable within study
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| reason for correlational | assess how well one variable predicts another
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| correlational weakness | does not specify cause and effect
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| Correlation does not... | equal causation
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| experimental method | used to explore cause and effect
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| indenpendent variable | what is manipulated to determine influence or behavior
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| dependent variable | what is measured
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| experimental disadvantages | sometimes not feasible, results may not generalize to other contexts, not ethical to manipulate certain variables
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| Internal validity | ensuring that nothing besides IV can affect DV, controlling extraneous variables
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| external validity | extent to which results can be generalized to other situations and other people
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| prospective research | look forward in time, how will groups change, relationship between variables over time
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| retrospective research | look backward to attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation (AIDS research)
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| health behaviors | undertaken to maintain health
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| health habit | firmly established health behavior
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| primary prevention | alter and prevent
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| factors for practicing and changing health behaviors | demographics, age, values, personal control, social influence, perceived symptoms, access to health care, knowledge and intelligence
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| why behaviors hard to change | distant consequences, health info makes us defensive
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| cognitive dissonance | inconsistent thoughts or beliefs, especially relating to behavioral decisions
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| instability and independence of health behaviors | health habits are controlled by different factors and can change over time
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| informational/educational appeals | assumption people change habits if they have good information
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| fear appeals | work but shown ineffective, too much fear undermines health behavior change, fear alone is not sufficient
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| health belief model | individuals are more likely to engage in healthy behavior if they feel susceptible to various health problems that may stem from failure to do so
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| theory of planned behavior | beliefs that outcomes of the behavior, evaluations of the outcomes of the behavior, normative beliefs, motivation to comply
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| self-determination theory | people actively motivated to pursue their goals, components are fundamental to behavior change
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| implementation intentions | integrate conscious processing with automatic behavioral enactment
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| self-affirmation | change how people appraise and respond to potentially unwelcome health information
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| cognitive behavioral therapy | self monitoring, cognitive restructuring, behavioral modification, stimulus control, contingency contracting
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| cognitive restructuring | trains people to recognize and modify their internal monologues to promote health behavior change
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| contingency contracting | reinforcements or punishments contingent on participants behavior
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| interventions to modify diet | education, CBT, improving social support, family interventions, social engineering
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| health compromising behaviors | drugs, smoking, eating badly
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| set point theory | each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified
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| obesity microbiome | new studies demonstrating certain types of gut bacteria associated with obesity
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| smoking health risks | lung cancer, 4x more likely to get cancer, increase in chronic bronchitis, second hand smoke
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| Longitudinal study | researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time.
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| cross -sectional study | observational research that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time across a sample population or a pre-defined subset
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