psych chapter 6
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| Learning | change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience
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| Classical Conditioning | learning through association of paired stimuli
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| who identified classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov
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| % features of classical conditioning | 1. Neutral Stimulus
2. Unconditioned Stimulus
3. Unconditioned Response
4. Conditioned Stimulus
5. Conditioned Response
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| Neutral stimulus | until conditioned to pair with something else, the NS has no impact
1. no biologically imperative response
2. non-threatening, non-activating
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| What does unconditioned stimulus lead to? | leads to unconditioned response reflexively, automatically
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| acquisition | phase when CR is established (new association is acquired/learned)
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| extinction | reduction/elimination of CR after CS presented repeatedly without UCS
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| Spontaneous Recovery | when conditioning returns (often less strong) after having been previously extinguished
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| Renewal effect | when conditioning extinguished in one context re-appears in another
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| Stimulus generalization | similar CS's eliciting same CR (different bell pitch giving the same response)
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| Stimulus discrimination | when CS are too different and no longer elicit the same CR (or any response at all)
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| preparedness | when a stimulus is easily associated due to its type
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| latent inhibition | when conditioning difficult to establish due to prior or other frequent encounters with NS by itself
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| Higher Order Conditioning | process of developing classically conditioned responses to CS's associated with original CS
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| Operant conditioning | aka "instrumental conditioning"
learning controlled by the consequences of the animals voluntary behavior
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| consequences | can be good, bad, neutral, exciting, boring
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| Law of effect | If we're rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we're more likely to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future.
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| reinforcement | increases probability of behavior
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| punishment | decreases probability of behavior
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| positive | giving or adding a stimulus
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| negative | removing or taking away stimulus
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| positive reinforcement | adding some stimuli to the subject which is meant to increase the desired behavior
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| negative reinforcement | removing some stimuli, which is then meant to increase the desired behavior
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| positive punishment | adding some stimuli which is meant to decrease an undesirable behavior
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| negative punishment | removing some stimuli, which is then meant to decrease an undesirable behavior
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| which is more effective punishment or reinforcement | reinforcement is more effective
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| reinforcement schedule | refers to a pattern of delivering reinforcers
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| continuous reinforcement | consequences linked to behavior every time
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| partial reinforcement | consequences occur some of the time
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| ratio | reinforcement administered based on the number of behaviors committed
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| interval | reinforcement administered based on time spans
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| observational learning | learning through watching others
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