AP Psych Unit 3
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| phrenology | Franz Gall’s belief that studying the bumps of a skull could reveal a person’s mental ability
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| biological psychologist | a psychologist that studies the basis of biological behavior, thoughts, and emotions
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| neurons | the building blocks of the nervous system that receive, carry, and send information to other neurons
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| dendrites | the parts of the neuron that receive messages from other neurons
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| soma | the cell body of a neuron
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| axon | the part of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body
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| axon hillock | the part of the neuron that connects the soma and the axon
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| axon terminals | the parts of the neuron that pass messages on to other neurons
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| nodes of ranvier | the parts of the neuron between the myelin sheath bundles where ions pass in and out of the axon
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| myelin sheath | the part of the neuron that protects the axon and helps speed neural impulses
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| action potential | a neural impulse involving a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
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| depolarization | positive ions enter the neuron through the axon, making it more susceptible to firing action potential
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| hyperpolarization | negative ions enter the neuron, causing it to return to its negative-inside/positive-outside state
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| refractory period | the charging phase after a neuron fires an action potential
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| sodium potassium pump | pumps positive ions out of the neuron during the refractory period in order to prepare it for another action potential
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| excitatory effect | it becomes more likely that an action potential will fire
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| inhibitory effect | it becomes less likely that an action potential will fire
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| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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| all or none response | a neuron either fires with full strength or does not fire at all
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| synapse | the junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another
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| neurotransmitter | a chemical messenger housed in the axon terminal that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next
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| reuptake | neurotransmitters that don’t lock on to a new neuron are reabsorbed by the sending neuron
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| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory
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| dopamine | a neurotransmitter that influences learning, movement, attention, and emotion
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| serotonin | a neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
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| GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is also involved in memory
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| epinephrine | a neurotransmitter and hormone that activates the body’s fight or flight response
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| norepinephrine | a neurotransmitter and hormone that helps control and regulate arousal
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| nervous system | the system of neurons across the body that controls everything you do
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| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
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| nerves | fibers that transmit messages across the nervous system
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| receptor cells | specialized cells that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the brain can process
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| sensory neurons | nerves that carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord
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| motor neurons | nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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| interneurons | nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that process information
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| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
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| autonomic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs
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| sympathetic nervous system | the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats
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| parasympathetic nervous system | the part of the autonomic nervous system that helps relax the body after a stressful event
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| neural networks | circuits of biological neurons
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| reflex | involuntary automatic response to stimuli
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| spinal reflex arc | pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that controls the endocrine system
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| endocrine system | a set of glands that produce hormones
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| hormones | chemical messengers similar to neurotransmitters that circulate in the blood
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| pituitary gland | pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that controls the endocrine system and is responsible for the production of growth hormones
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| hypothalamus | the region of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and directs hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sex drive
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| thyroid gland | gland that regulates metabolic rate
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| parathyroids | glands that help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
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| adrenal glands | glands that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress response
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| fight or flight response | an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful or frightening
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| pancreas | produces the hormone insulin and secretes it into the bloodstream to regulate the body’s blood sugar levels
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| ovaries | sex glands in females that influence emotion and physical development
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| testes | sex glands in males that influence emotion and physical development
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| brain lesion | an experimental or natural destruction of brain tissue
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| EEG | an amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface
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| CT scan | a series of xray images taken from different angles to record the image of internal bones, organs, and soft tissue
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| PET scat | a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task
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| MRI | uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue
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| fMRI | uses a quick succession of MRI images to detect functioning in certain brain regions by detecting blood flow to certain areas
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| brainstem | responsible for automatic survival functions
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| medulla | the base of the brainstem that controls your breathing and heartbeat
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| pons | the part of the brainstem that helps coordinate movement
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| thalamus | the “sensory switchboard” that directs messages to the sensory areas (except smell) in the cortex
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| reticular formation | a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival
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| cerebellum | controls balance and coordination, and helps us judge time
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| limbic system | controls balance and coordination, and helps us judge time
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| hippocampus | processes new memories into permanent memory storage
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| amygdala | made up of two neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear, anger, and aggression
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| reward center | associated with addiction because it releases a dopamine rush when certain actions are completed
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| reward deficiency syndrome | a brain reward genetic dissatisfaction or impairment that results in aberrant pleasure seeking behavior
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| cerebrum | the neural network that makes up the hemispheres of the brain and is responsible for controlling voluntary muscular movements
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| cerebral cortex | the fabric of neural cells that make up the outer layer of the cerebrum and allow information to be processed
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| glial cells | glue cells that protect, nourish, and support neurons in the brain
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| longitudinal fissure | the long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres
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| central and lateral fissures | the fissures that divide the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
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| frontal lobe | the portion of the cerebral cortex that include the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
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| parietal lobe | the portion of the cerebral cortex that is used for mathematical and spatial reasoning
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| occipital lobe | the portion of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing vision
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| temporal lobe | the portion of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing auditory information
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| motor cortex | the strip of brain tissue located at the rear of the frontal lobes that is responsible for voluntary movement
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| somatosensory cortex | the strip of brain tissue located in front of the parietal lobe that processes touch sensory information
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| association areas | sections of the cerebral cortex that are connected to the function of a primary part of the cerebral cortex
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| prefrontal cortex | the part of the frontal lobe that is involved in planning, judgements, and decision making
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| aphasia | language impairment caused by damage to one of the language centers of the brain
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| Broca's area | the language center that is located in the left frontal lobe and directs the muscle movements necessary for speech
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| Wernicke's area | the language center that is located in the left temporal lobe and is involved in language comprehension
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| neuroplasticity | the brain’s ability to modify itself
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| lateralization | the organization of the brain into two hemispheres
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| corpus callosum | the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres
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| split brain procedure | a surgical procedure in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut to help treat severe epilepsy
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| consciousness | the awareness of internal and external existence
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| cognitive neuroscience | the study of how neurons in the brain communicate to form complex thoughts and actions
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| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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| environment | includes every external (non-genetic) influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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| chromosome | threadlike structures made up of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), our master code
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| DNA | a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms that is the main constituent of chromosomes and carries genetic information
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| genes | unit of heredity that makes up chromosomes; makes proteins to determine our development
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| genome | the set of complete instructions for making an organism
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| genotype | your genetic “blueprint”
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| phenotype | outward, physical manifestation of genes
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| dominant trait | these traits trump recessive traits even if there is only one allele
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| recessive trait | these traits require an allele from both parents in order to be expressed
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| autosomal dominant | abnormal traits that only one parent must possess in order to pass it on to their offspring
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| autosomal recessive | abnormal traits that both parents must possess in order to pass it on to their offspring
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| mutations | a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
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| identical twins | twins that are monozygotic, meaning they are genetically the same
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| fraternal twins | twins that are dizygotic, meaning that they come from two different eggs and are genetically different
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| Minnesota twin studies | studies of identical twins raised separately from birth and found to have many similar personality traits and interests
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| adoption studies | studies that test nature vs. nurture and create a behavioral comparison between the adoptee’s genetic relatives and environmental relatives
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| temperament | the emotional excitability, which is evident from the womb, although it stabilizes over time, which is indicative of a genetic basis
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| molecular genetics | a sub-field of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms
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| heritability | refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes
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| nature and nurture interaction | traits are liable to change in response to environmental experience
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