Human Development
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| show | Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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| show | ageism
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| gradual, and have double process of bodily deterioration throughout the life span | show 🗑
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| show | secondary aging
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| measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age | show 🗑
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| show | gerontology
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| show | geriatrics
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| What are causes for the aging population? | show 🗑
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| show | More people will be using the resources and not helping replenish them
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| show | Health, activity/independence
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| How is today's older population changing? | show 🗑
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| age to which a person in a particular cohort is statistically likely to live (given his or her current age and health status), on the basis of average longevity of a population | show 🗑
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| show | longevity
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| the longest period that members of a species can live | show 🗑
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| show | mortality rate
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| What are trends in life expectancy, including gender, regional and ethnic differences? | show 🗑
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| show | senescence
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| theories that explain biological aging as resulting from a genetically determined developmental timetable | show 🗑
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| show | Genetic-programming theory, variable-rate theory
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| show | programmed senescence theory (genetic programming theory)
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| theory: biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging | show 🗑
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| show | immunological theory (genetic programming theory)
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| theory: aging is an evolved trait enabling members of a species to live only long enough to reproduce | show 🗑
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| theory: cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out | show 🗑
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| show | free-radical theory (variable-rate theory)
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| show | rate-of-living theory (variable-rate theory)
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| theory: immune system becomes confused and attacks its own body cells | show 🗑
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| theories that explain biological aging as a result of processes of varied from person to person and are influenced by both the internal and external environment | show 🗑
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| conversion of food and oxygen into energy | show 🗑
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| unstable, highly reactive atoms or molecules, formed during metabolism, which can cause internal bodily damage | show 🗑
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| tendency of aging body to mistake its own tissues for foreign invaders and to attack and destroy them | show 🗑
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| curves, plotted on a graph, showing percentages of a population that survive each age level | show 🗑
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| genetically controlled to limit, proposed by Hayflick, on the number of times cells can divide in members of a species | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 theories of biological aging? | show 🗑
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| show | Biological aging is the result of a genetically determined developmental timetable, genes that affect ageing, effects of mitochondria self-destructing, shrinking of telomeres
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| What are the implications and supporting evidence of variable-rate theories? | show 🗑
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| What are the findings of life extension research? | show 🗑
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| What are the limitations of life extension research in human beings? | show 🗑
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| show | Has increased from being in the 20s to living an average of 70 years (in US), more people living to be more than 100 years old
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| What causes aging? | show 🗑
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| What possibilities exist for extending the life span? | show 🗑
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| show | reserve capacity or organ reserve
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| show | Paler, less elasticity, fat and muscle shrink, skin wrinkles, varicose veins on legs, hair thins and turns gray, shorter, thinning of bones, less reserve capacity
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| show | Less volume and weight-does not affect cognition, less neurotransmitters and synapses-slowed response time, myelin sheathing thins out-cognitive/motor decline, grow new nerve cells-better learning and memory
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| cloudy or opaque areas in the lens of the eye, which cause blurred vision | show 🗑
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| condition in which the center of the retina gradually loses its ability to discern fine details; leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in older adults | show 🗑
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| show | glaucoma
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| What are typical changes in sensory and motor functioning and sleep needs? | show 🗑
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| How can changes in sensory and motor functioning affect everyday needs? | show 🗑
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| show | Can still have sex, may take longer, be harder to do, need longer and between
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| show | Skin becomes thinner and wrinkles, less hair, less reserve capacity, brain begins to lose some function, vision trouble, hearing trouble, less strength/endurance/balance, slower reaction time, less sleep
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| show | Can vary from person to person depending on genetics and health and exercise
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| show | activities of daily living
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| show | instrumental activities of daily living
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| show | Tend to be declining in health, 80% have one chronic condition, 50% have to chronic conditions, many are independent
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| What are common chronic conditions in late life? | show 🗑
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| show | More mobility, protect against chronic conditions, independence, mental alertness and cognitive performance
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| show | dementia
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| show | Alzheimer's disease
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| show | Parkinson's disease
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| show | Physicians don't treat it enough, give depression lower priority than physical ailment
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| What are the 3 main causes of dementia in older adults? | show 🗑
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| show | neurofibrillary tangles
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| show | amyloid plaque
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| what appears to be the main culprit contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive reserve
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| What is known about the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Forgetting recent events, asking same question repeatedly, inability to do routine task, forget simple word, forget what numbers in checkbook mean, putting things in inappropriate places/cannot retrieve them, rapid/dramatic mood swings/personality changes
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| What is known about the causes and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| What is known about the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| show | No cure, early diagnosis and keep treatment can slow progress, improve quality of life, medicines such as cholinesterase inhibitors, studying immunotherapy
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| show | Chronic conditions, and disabilities, activity limitations, nutrition, depression, dementia, Alzheimer's,
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| What factors influence health in late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| What mental and behavioral problems do some older people experience? | show 🗑
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| intelligence test for adults, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score | show 🗑
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| Compare the classic aging pattern on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with those of the Seattle Longitudinal Study with regard to cognitive changes in old age. | show 🗑
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| What is evidence of the plasticity of cognitive abilities in late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| show | Remains stable from young adulthood through late life and then declines
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| What are findings in the slowdown of neural processing and its relationship to cognitive decline? | show 🗑
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| show | Lower IQ means less likely to live, higher cancer rate
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| show | sensory memory
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| show | working memory
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| long-term memory of specific experiences or events, link to time and place | show 🗑
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| long-term memory of general factual knowledge, social customs and language | show 🗑
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| show | procedural memory or implicit memory
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| What are the 3 types of long-term memory? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 steps required to process information in memory? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 aspects of memory that tend to decline with age? | show 🗑
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| show | Problems with encoding, storage, retrieval, brain deteriorating
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| show | Disorders and diseases can deteriorate different parts of the brain, Alzheimer's affects working/semantic/episodic memory, normal memory processing and storage in frontal lobes and hippocampus
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| How can problems in encoding, storage and retrieval affect memory in late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| How can emotional factors affect memory? | show 🗑
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| What is wisdom? | show 🗑
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| What are various approaches to the study of wisdom? | show 🗑
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| show | Only 5% of tested people were rated wise, rare attribute, not necessarily property of old age, distributed evenly across the age groups
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| What gains and losses in cognitive abilities tend to occur in late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| Are there ways to improve older people's cognitive performance? | show 🗑
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| Why are efforts to combat ageism making headway? | show 🗑
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| show | People over 80
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| What is happening to the proportion of older people in the United States and in the world? | show 🗑
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| show | Primary aging is beyond people's control, secondary aging can avoid effects
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| What are the different types of old according to some specialists and the study of aging? | show 🗑
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| When do specialists in the study of aging refer to the terms young old, old old and oldest old? | show 🗑
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| show | Increase dramatically, longer people live, the longer they are likely to live
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| Who is life expectancy greatest among? | show 🗑
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| What do recent gains in life expectancy come largely from? Well will it further improvements come from? | show 🗑
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| show | Genetic-programming theory, variable-rate theory (or error theory) what has changed the idea of a biological limits of the lifespan?
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| show | Highly variable, most continue to function fairly well, heart becomes more susceptible to disease
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| What happens to reserve capacity with age? | show 🗑
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| show | Changes are modest, loss of volume and weight, slowing of responses, grows new neurons, build new connections late in life
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| show | Losses and taste and smell
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| show | Vision and hearing problems
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| What can cause irreversible damage of the eyes in older adults? | show 🗑
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| What can training in older adults improve? | show 🗑
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| show | Accidents and falls
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| show | Sleep less, dream last
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| show | Chronic insomnia
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| show | Remain sexually active, intensity of sexual experience is generally lower
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| show | Reasonably healthy, especially if they follow a healthy lifestyle, chronic conditions, do not generally limit activities or interfere with daily life
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| show | Exercise, diet
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| Why can seriously affect nutrition? | show 🗑
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| show | Good mental health, depression, alcoholism, many other conditions, Alzheimer's
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| show | Depression, alcoholism, other conditions
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| What are mental health conditions that are irreversible? | show 🗑
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| What happens to his Alzheimer's disease with age? | show 🗑
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| What are factors for getting Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Protective, builds up cognitive reserve, enables brain to function under stress
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| show | Behavior and drug therapies
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| What can be early signs of Alzheimer's disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Better on verbal portion then performance portion
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| show | Highly variable, few people decline in all or most areas, many people improve in some areas
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| show | Practical problems that have emotional relevance for them
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| show | General slowdown of central nervous system functioning
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| show | Intelligence
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| show | Sensory memory, semantic memory, procedural memory
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| show | Capacity of working memory, ability to recall specific events, recently learned information
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| In older adults, what parts of vocabulary and speech decline? | show 🗑
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| show | Neurological changes, problems in encoding, storage, retrieval
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| What do older people show plasticity in? What can benefit this? | show 🗑
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| show | Wisdom is not age-related, people of all ages get wiser responses to problems affecting their own age group
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