Human Development
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| show | Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
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| according to Erikson, 8th and final stage of psychosocial development, people in late adulthood achieve a sense of integrity of self by accepting the lives they have lived and accept death or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived | show 🗑
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| show | Wisdom
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| show | Accepting the life one whose lives, without major regrets, without dwelling on should-have-dones or might-have-beens, accepting imperfection in the self, parents, children, life
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| What are 3 ways to measure stability or change in personality traits in late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| Discuss Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. | show 🗑
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| What did Erikson mean by wisdom? | show 🗑
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| Summarize research about stability of personality. | show 🗑
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| show | Personality is strong predictor of emotionality, negative emotions decrease with age, positive emotions increase with age, people with neurotic personalities report more negative emotions
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| show | Some studies say yes, some studies say no, some studies say positive emotions increase in negative emotions decrease
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| What special tasks and issues do older people face? | show 🗑
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| show | coping
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| What are the 2 theoretical approaches to the study of coping? | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive-appraisal model
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| show | problem-focused coping
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| in cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward managing emotional response to stressful situation so as to lessen physical or psychological impact (used when person concludes there is little or nothing that can be done about situation) | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive-appraisal model
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| According to the cognitive appraisal model, what are the 2 types of coping strategies? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 types of emotion focused coping? Describe each. | show 🗑
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| a loss that is not clearly defined or does not bring closure | show 🗑
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| show | Problem-focused coping-action strategies, person changes situation; proactive emotion-focused coping-change emotions strategy, person confronts own emotions; passive emotion-focused coping- change emotions strategy, person avoids or denies emotions
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| What is the cognitive-appraisal model of coping? | show 🗑
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| What is the relationship between age and choice of coping strategies? | show 🗑
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| show | People that are more religious and go to church regularly tend to die later and have better health and well-being
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| show | 1) avoidance of disease or disease-related disability, 2) maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning, 3) sustained, active engagement in social and productive activities which aids in mental health
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| show | Can burden older adults to meet standards they cannot or do not want to meet, does not pay attention to constraints that may limit lifestyle choices, turns older adults and 2 victims, demeans old age, denying importance of accepting what cannot be changed
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| show | disengagement theory
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| theory of aging, proposed by Neugarten and others, which holds that in order to age successfully a person must remain as active as possible | show 🗑
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| show | continuity theory
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| Compare the disengagement theory, activity theory and continuity theory. | show 🗑
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| show | Any type of regular activity that expresses or enhances some aspect of the self can contribute to successful aging
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| enhancing overall cognitive functioning by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened | show 🗑
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| How does selective optimization with compensation help older adults deal with losses? | show 🗑
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| What strategies and resources contribute to older adults’ well being and mental health? | show 🗑
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| show | family-focused lifestyle
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| pattern of retirement activity allocated among family, work and leisure | show 🗑
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| leisure activity requiring skill, intention and commitment | show 🗑
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| show | Most people who can retire due, some older adults are working even when they can retire because they really enjoy their job, tend to be better educated and in better health
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| What are findings on the relationship between aging and work attitudes and skills? | show 🗑
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| How can retirement affect well-being? | show 🗑
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| show | Family-focused lifestyle, balanced investment, serious leisure
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| What is the economic status of older adults? | show 🗑
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| show | With more people retiring and proportionally fewer workers to contribute to Social Security, benefits will decline but timing and severity are unknown
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| show | aging in place
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| What are the various kinds of living arrangements for older adults? What is their relative prevalence? | show 🗑
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| show | Independence, home can be adapted
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| show | Lonely, independent
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| show | Can burden family, more support close, proximity to caregivers
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| What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in institutions? | show 🗑
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| show | Most to can retire due, some will work because they like it
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| How do older adults handle financial resources? | show 🗑
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| show | Age in place and with spouse as long as possible, can live alone/move in with adult children/into institutions, based on independence and care giving needs
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| show | social convoy theory
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| show | socioemotional selectivity theory
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| show | As they age they spend less time with others, have fewer friends but are extremely close in the relationships
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| What are theoretical explanations of the changes in social contact? | show 🗑
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| What is the importance of positive social contact and social support? | show 🗑
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| show | Close social contact improves overall health
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| What are issues concerning the new multigenerational family? | show 🗑
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| show | Spend less time with others and have fewer friends but are extremely close in the few remaining relationships
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| What is the affect of personal relationships on well-being in old age? | show 🗑
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| show | More satisfying in late adulthood than middle adulthood
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| What are gender differences in the prevalence of widowhood? | show 🗑
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| Why is divorce in late life rare? | show 🗑
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| show | Societal benefits-older remarried people are less likely to need help from the community
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| What are the characteristics of long-term marriages in late life? | show 🗑
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| show | Widowhood-depressing; divorce-rare, upsetting; remarriage-men more satisfied than women, societal benefits
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| show | Never married are better adjusted than previously married singles
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| Why might older women who are cohabitating be at a disadvantage? | show 🗑
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| What are the strengths of gay and lesbian relationships in late life? | show 🗑
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| What are the problems of gay and lesbian relationships in late life? | show 🗑
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| What are special characteristics of friendships in old age? | show 🗑
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| show | Unmarried do better than widows, cohabitating at large disadvantage, gay/lesbian have strong relationship but face societal issues
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| show | Healthier and happier, immediate enjoyment, based on pleasure, fictive kin
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| show | Parent and child get along well, especially mother-daughter relationships, children provide care giving, sometimes older adults provide financial support
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| How can childlessness affect older people? | show 🗑
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| show | Very important, social network, provide help is needed, take care of each other, grieve at loss of sibling
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| show | Personal and family renewal, source of diversion, mark of longevity
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| How do older adults get along with, or without, grown children? | show 🗑
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| How do older adults get along with siblings? | show 🗑
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| show | Most enjoy the role
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| show | Ego integrity versus despair, acceptance of one's life and impending death
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| According to Erikson, what is the virtue that solves ego integrity versus despair? | show 🗑
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| show | Must maintain a vital involvement in society
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| show | Remain fairly stable depending on how they are measured
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| What has happened rigidness in late adulthood compared to previous cohorts? | show 🗑
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| What happens to emotionality in old age? What can modify this pattern? | show 🗑
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| What did George Valliant signed predict psychosocial adjustment in late life? | show 🗑
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| According to research on the cognitive-appraisal model, what type of coping is preferred in younger adults versus older adults? | show 🗑
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| show | Religion
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| show | Effects of religion/spirituality on health/longevity/well-being
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| What does the concept of successful or optimal aging reflect? | show 🗑
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| show | How to define it, how to measure it, validity of the concept
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| What are the 2 contrasting early models of successful or optimal aging? | show 🗑
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| show | How little support, findings on activity theory are mixed
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| What are the refinements of the disengagement theory? | show 🗑
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| show | Selective optimization with compensation
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| Describe how retirement is often a phased process. | show 🗑
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| What are older adults working abilities? | show 🗑
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| show | Personal, economic, social resources
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| What are common lifestyle patterns after retirement? | show 🗑
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| What is the poverty situation of older Americans? | show 🗑
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| Where do most elderly adults live in developed countries? In developing countries? | show 🗑
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| show | Age in place, can remain if they can depend on spouse for support or someone else for help
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| show | Older women more likely than older men
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| Where do older adults in developed countries typically NOT want to live? | show 🗑
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| show | Developed countries-dairies, developing countries-rare, United States-4.5% are institutionalized, proportion increases with age
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| show | Older women, older adults who live alone, do not take part in social activity, have poor health, have disabilities, those whose informal caregivers are overburdened
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| show | Assisted-living facilities, other types of group housing
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| show | Important, frequency of social contact declines in old age
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| Contrast the social convoy theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory. | show 🗑
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| show | Good health, life satisfaction
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| What is a risk factor for mortality? | show 🗑
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| Describe marriages in late life. | show 🗑
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| show | Women tend to outlive husbands, less likely to marry again; growing proportion of men are widowed
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| show | Divorce on common among older people, most older adults who have been divorced or remarried, remarriages more relaxed in late life
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| show | Never married adults
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| show | Increasing
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| show | Influenced by coming-out status
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| show | Healthier and happier
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| Contrast the support of friends and family. | show 🗑
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| What happens to older parent and adult child relationships? | show 🗑
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| show | Caregivers for adult children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren
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| How does childlessness effect late adulthood? | show 🗑
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| Describe sibling relationships in late adulthood. | show 🗑
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| What role does the great grandparent play in a child's life? | show 🗑
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