AP Psychology: Final Exam Review
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| (PET) Positron emission tomography scan | show 🗑
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| show | minimal amount of energy required to produce any sensation, 50 percent of the time
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| show | in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality
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| achievement test | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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| action potential | show 🗑
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| show | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
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| show | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.
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| show | the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood
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| show | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independenceid
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| show | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
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| show | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
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| show | violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked
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| show | A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
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| show | Anxiety disorder, Fear of being in public
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| show | pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
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| show | the indvidual that published the first measure of intelligence in 1905. The purpose of his intelligence test was to correctly place students on academic tracks in the French school system.
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| all-or-nothing response | show 🗑
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| show | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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| Altruism | show 🗑
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| alzheimers disease | show 🗑
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| show | A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias
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| show | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
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| show | 2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.
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| anorexia nervosa | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.
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| anterograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| antianxiety drugs | show 🗑
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| show | drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
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| antipsychotic drugs | show 🗑
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| show | A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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| Anxiety Disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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| aptitude test | show 🗑
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| show | the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure
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| association areas | show 🗑
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| show | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning
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| show | The strong bond (social-emotional) a child forms with his or her primary caregiver.
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| show | A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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| Attitude | show 🗑
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| Attribution Theory | show 🗑
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| show | The sense of hearing.
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| show | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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| automatic processing | show 🗑
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| Autonomic nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
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| axon | show 🗑
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| show | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
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| show | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 335)
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| show | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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| Basic Trust | show 🗑
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| basilar membrane | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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| show | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
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| Behavioral psychology | show 🗑
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| Behaviorism | show 🗑
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| binge-eating disorder | show 🗑
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| binocular cues | show 🗑
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| biological psychologists | show 🗑
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| show | The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
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| biomedical therapy | show 🗑
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| Biopsychological approach | show 🗑
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| Bipolar and related disorders | show 🗑
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| Bipolar Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | place on the retina out where the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptors (rods/cones) are located here
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| Body Dysmorphic Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | A personality disorder characterized by fear of abandonment, unstable intense relationships, rapid changes in self-identity, impulsive and risky behavior, suicidal threats, and wide mood swings.
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| bottom-up processing | show 🗑
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| Brainstem | show 🗑
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| show | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 337)
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| show | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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| Cannon-Bard theory | show 🗑
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| Carol Gilligan | show 🗑
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| She studied girls and women and found that they scored different on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. | show 🗑
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| show | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Central Route Persuasion | show 🗑
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| Cerebellum | show 🗑
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| show | Fabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
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| show | failing to notice changes in the environment.
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| show | theorist who proposed that intelligence consisted of both general intelligence, ability to do complex work like problem solve and intelligence which included specific mental abilities, ability to do verbal or math skills
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| show | threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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| show | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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| show | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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| show | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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| client-centered therapy | show 🗑
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| show | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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| show | A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tude in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
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| cochlear implant | show 🗑
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| cognition | show 🗑
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| Cognition | show 🗑
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | show 🗑
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| show | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)
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| show | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (including perception, thinking, memory and language.)
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| show | The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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| show | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
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| cognitive-behavioral therapy | show 🗑
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| show | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
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| collectivism | show 🗑
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| Color constancy | show 🗑
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| Companionate Love | show 🗑
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| Concrete Operational Stage | show 🗑
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| conditioned reinforcer | show 🗑
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| conditioned response (CR) | show 🗑
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | show 🗑
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| conduction hearing loss | show 🗑
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| show | visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea
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| Conflict | show 🗑
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| Conformity | show 🗑
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| Confounding Variable | show 🗑
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| consciousness | show 🗑
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| Consciousness | show 🗑
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| show | the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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| content validity | show 🗑
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| continuous reinforcement | show 🗑
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| Control Group | show 🗑
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| convergence | show 🗑
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| show | a type of thinking that is not associated with creativity - seeing one solution to a problem
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| show | Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
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| show | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
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| Correlation | show 🗑
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| show | A branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well - being.
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| counterconditioning | show 🗑
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| show | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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| show | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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| show | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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| show | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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| show | a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan
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| Culture | show 🗑
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| Daniel Kahneman | show 🗑
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| David Hubel - Torsten Wiesel | show 🗑
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| show | Worked with troubled kids, and after observing these children, he created tests to measure more than verbal ability.
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| Debriefing | show 🗑
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| deep processing | show 🗑
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| show | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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| show | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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| deja vu | show 🗑
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| show | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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| Delusions | show 🗑
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| dendrites | show 🗑
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| denial | show 🗑
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| Dependent personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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| show | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
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| Depressive disorders | show 🗑
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| Depth perception | show 🗑
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| show | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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| Developmental psychology | show 🗑
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| Diathesis stress model | show 🗑
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| difference threshold | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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| show | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
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| discriminative stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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| show | a depressive disorder characterisized by extreme temper outbursts at least 3 times a week, must be under 18.
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| show | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
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| show | A dissociative disorder characterized by a loss of memory for who you are, fugue state includes traveling far from home and the loss of memory
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| show | Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
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| show | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Symptoms includes blackouts. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder.
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| divergent thinking | show 🗑
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| show | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
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| Down syndrome | show 🗑
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| dream | show 🗑
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| show | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)
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| show | an aroused, motivated state
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| DSM 5 | show 🗑
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| show | a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes, The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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| echoic memory | show 🗑
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| show | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
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| Ecstacy (MDMA) | show 🗑
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| show | The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
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| show | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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| ego | show 🗑
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| show | In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
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| Electra Complex | show 🗑
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | show 🗑
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| show | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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| Embryo | show 🗑
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| emerging adulthood | show 🗑
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| Emotion | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
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| show | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
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| Empiricism | show 🗑
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| encoding | show 🗑
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| Endocrine system | show 🗑
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
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| show | The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
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| Equity | show 🗑
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| Erik Erikson | show 🗑
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| show | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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| show | clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
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| show | The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.
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| Experiment | show 🗑
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| Experimental Group | show 🗑
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| Experimental psychology | show 🗑
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| explicit memory | show 🗑
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| exposure therapy | show 🗑
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| show | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
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| extinction | show 🗑
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| Extrasensory perception (ESP) | show 🗑
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| extrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| facial feedback effect | show 🗑
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| factor analysis | show 🗑
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| family therapy | show 🗑
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| feature detectors | show 🗑
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| show | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant
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| Fetus | show 🗑
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| fixation | show 🗑
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| fixed-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| show | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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| show | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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| show | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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| show | The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
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| fMRI (functional MRI) | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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| Formal Operational Stage | show 🗑
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| fovea | show 🗑
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| fraternal twins (dizygotic) | show 🗑
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| show | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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| Frequency theory | show 🗑
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| show | The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).
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| show | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.
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| Frustration-Aggression Principle | show 🗑
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| Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder | show 🗑
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| Functionalism | show 🗑
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| Fundamental Attribution Error | show 🗑
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| show | The spinal cord contains a "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. It's opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or information coming from the brain.
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| gender identity | show 🗑
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| show | the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness
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| gender typing | show 🗑
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| Gender | show 🗑
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| general adaptation syndrome | show 🗑
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| general intelligence (g) | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
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| show | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
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| show | secreted by empty stomach, sends hunger signals to brain
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| show | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
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| glucose | show 🗑
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| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT) | show 🗑
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| show | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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| show | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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| Habituation | show 🗑
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| habituation | show 🗑
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| hallucinations | show 🗑
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| show | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
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| show | development, contact/creature comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort
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| show | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
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| show | the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied
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| show | Theorist who both aided in the development of the trichromatic theory of color perception and Place theory of pitch perception.
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| hierarchy of needs | show 🗑
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| higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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| hippocampus | show 🗑
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| Hippocampus | show 🗑
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| show | A personality disorder characterized by being uncomfortable in situations which he/she is not the center of attention, inappropriate sexual seductiveness, the use of physical appearance to draw attention, self-dramatization
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| show | An obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value
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| show | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)
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| show | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
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| Howard Gardner | show 🗑
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| hue | show 🗑
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| show | And I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
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| Humanistic psychology | show 🗑
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| hypnosis | show 🗑
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.
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| show | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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| identical twins (monozygotic) | show 🗑
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| identification | show 🗑
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| show | the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known
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| Illness Anxiety Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | The perception of a relationship where none exists
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| implicit memory | show 🗑
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| imprinting | show 🗑
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| show | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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| show | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)
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| show | The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied
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| individualism | show 🗑
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| show | The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
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| Inferential Statistics | show 🗑
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| show | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
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| Informed Consent | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to favor our own group.
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| show | "Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
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| show | The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
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| insight therapy | show 🗑
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| insight | show 🗑
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| show | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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| instinct | show 🗑
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| show | secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
🗑
|
||||
| intellectual disability | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
🗑
|
||||
| intelligence test | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.
🗑
|
||||
| interaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| internal locus of control | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship
🗑
|
||||
| intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
|
||||
| iris | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Known for his discovery of the Flynn effect, which is the rise in average IQ scores year after year, all over the year.
🗑
|
||||
| show | magician exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena
🗑
|
||||
| James-Lange theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
🗑
|
||||
| Kenneth and Mamie Clark | show 🗑
|
||||
| kinesthesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kipling Williams | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting; Lorenz' Geese
🗑
|
||||
| L.L. Thurstone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
🗑
|
||||
| latent learning | show 🗑
|
||||
| law of effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lawrence Kohlberg | show 🗑
|
||||
| learned helplessness | show 🗑
|
||||
| learning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lens | show 🗑
|
||||
| leptin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues
🗑
|
||||
| show | child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research
🗑
|
||||
| show | professor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids.
🗑
|
||||
| Limbic system | show 🗑
|
||||
| lobotomy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
🗑
|
||||
| show | an increase in a synapses' firing potential after brief, rapids stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Research in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period
🗑
|
||||
| LSD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A symptom of bipolar characterized by elevated mood, overtalkative, overactive, little need for sleep, risky behavior
🗑
|
||||
| manifest content | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mark Leary | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mark Rosenzweig | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
🗑
|
||||
| show | studied physiological responses of sexual intercourse
🗑
|
||||
| Maturation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mean | show 🗑
|
||||
| Median | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
🗑
|
||||
| Medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
🗑
|
||||
| menarche | show 🗑
|
||||
| menopause | show 🗑
|
||||
| mental age | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
🗑
|
||||
| Mere Exposure Effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| meta-analysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations (conduction) of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
🗑
|
||||
| mild mental retardation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
🗑
|
||||
| show | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath
🗑
|
||||
| show | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
🗑
|
||||
| show | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
🗑
|
||||
| mnemonics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mode | show 🗑
|
||||
| modeling | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Mentally retarded individuals with an IQ range 35-49. They can learn simple tasks, therefore are sometimes classified as trainable.
🗑
|
||||
| molecular geneticists | show 🗑
|
||||
| monocular cues | show 🗑
|
||||
| mood-congruent memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
🗑
|
||||
| motor (efferant) neurons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
🗑
|
||||
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | show 🗑
|
||||
| mutations | show 🗑
|
||||
| myelin sheath | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a mental health condition in which people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance
🗑
|
||||
| show | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
🗑
|
||||
| Natural selection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
🗑
|
||||
| show | The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
🗑
|
||||
| show | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
🗑
|
||||
| negative reinforcement | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | symptoms of schizophrenia which include loss of appropriate behavior: flat affect, catonic state, alogia, avolition
🗑
|
||||
| show | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
🗑
|
||||
| Neurogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
🗑
|
||||
| neurotransmitters | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
🗑
|
||||
| Norm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes
🗑
|
||||
| normal curve | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop
🗑
|
||||
| NREM sleep | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secreted by stomach, sends full signals to brain
🗑
|
||||
| show | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
🗑
|
||||
| observational learning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Disorders that include obsessive thoughts and/or unwanted behavior. Includes: obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.
🗑
|
||||
| Oedipus complex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sense of smell
🗑
|
||||
| operant behavior | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
🗑
|
||||
| operant conditioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.
🗑
|
||||
| opiates | show 🗑
|
||||
| opponent process theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| opponent-process theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bundle of axons from ganglion cells that carries messages from the eye to the brain
🗑
|
||||
| show | hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalmus
🗑
|
||||
| show | elicits brain activity in anterior cingulate cortex that activates in response to physical pain; we experience social pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain
🗑
|
||||
| Other-Race Effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| Outgroup | show 🗑
|
||||
| Panic Disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| parallel processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A personality disorder characterized by suspicions that others are deceiving him/her, preoccupied with doubts of others trustworthiness, reluctance in confiding in others, holding grudges
🗑
|
||||
| show | Study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
🗑
|
||||
| Parasympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| Parietal lobes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
🗑
|
||||
| Passionate Love | show 🗑
|
||||
| Passive-aggressive personality | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the mental process of sorting, identifying, and arranging raw sensory data into meaningful patterns
🗑
|
||||
| show | in perception, the ability to adjust to an idea or mind set
🗑
|
||||
| show | In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
🗑
|
||||
| show | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
🗑
|
||||
| show | A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
🗑
|
||||
| show | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
🗑
|
||||
| Personality Disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| personality inventory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
🗑
|
||||
| show | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
🗑
|
||||
| Phobia | show 🗑
|
||||
| physical dependence | show 🗑
|
||||
| pitch | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | "THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pituitary gland
🗑
|
||||
| place theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| Place theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo
🗑
|
||||
| show | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
🗑
|
||||
| Pons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
🗑
|
||||
| show | The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
🗑
|
||||
| show | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
🗑
|
||||
| show | symptoms of schizophrenia which include addition of inappropriate behavior: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and inappropriate actions
🗑
|
||||
| Post-Traumatic Growth | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A trauma-related dsiorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
🗑
|
||||
| show | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)
🗑
|
||||
| Prejudice | show 🗑
|
||||
| Preoperational Stage | show 🗑
|
||||
| primary reinforce | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary Sex Characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| priming | show 🗑
|
||||
| proactive interference | show 🗑
|
||||
| profound mental retardation | show 🗑
|
||||
| projection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
🗑
|
||||
| prosocial behavior | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical for example drug treatments as well as psychological therapy.
🗑
|
||||
| psychoactive drug | show 🗑
|
||||
| psychoanalysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Psychodynamic psychology | show 🗑
|
||||
| psychodynamic therapy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| Psychology | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
🗑
|
||||
| show | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
🗑
|
||||
| psychophysiological illness | show 🗑
|
||||
| psychosexual stages | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
🗑
|
||||
| show | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
🗑
|
||||
| punishment | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | small opening in the center of the iris
🗑
|
||||
| PYY | show 🗑
|
||||
| Random Assignment | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
🗑
|
||||
| show | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
🗑
|
||||
| show | defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
🗑
|
||||
| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
🗑
|
||||
| recall | show 🗑
|
||||
| reciprocal determinism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
🗑
|
||||
| show | simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response
🗑
|
||||
| refractory period | show 🗑
|
||||
| regression toward the mean | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
🗑
|
||||
| reinforce | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
🗑
|
||||
| show | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
🗑
|
||||
| show | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
🗑
|
||||
| show | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
🗑
|
||||
| repression | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
🗑
|
||||
| show | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
🗑
|
||||
| show | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| show | Plays an important role in controlling arousal.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eyeball; contains receptor cells (rods/cones)
🗑
|
||||
| retinal disparity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the process of getting formation out of memory.
🗑
|
||||
| retroactive interference | show 🗑
|
||||
| retrograde amnesia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.
🗑
|
||||
| Robert Sternberg | show 🗑
|
||||
| rods | show 🗑
|
||||
| Role | show 🗑
|
||||
| role | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rorschach inkblot test | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sample | show 🗑
|
||||
| savant syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
🗑
|
||||
| Scatter plot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | In observational learning, a generalized idea that captures the important components, but not every exact detail. Pertaining to memory and person perception, a generalized idea about objects, people, and events that are encountered frequently.
🗑
|
||||
| show | characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| selective attention | show 🗑
|
||||
| Self Concept | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
🗑
|
||||
| self-actualization | show 🗑
|
||||
| self-concept | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
🗑
|
||||
| self-esteem | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
🗑
|
||||
| self | show 🗑
|
||||
| sensation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| sensorineural hearing loss | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
🗑
|
||||
| Sensory interaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
🗑
|
||||
| show | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 335)
🗑
|
||||
| severe mental retardation | show 🗑
|
||||
| sexual orientation | show 🗑
|
||||
| shallow processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
🗑
|
||||
| short-term memory | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | States that circumstances, experiences, expectations affect our thresholds
🗑
|
||||
| size constancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
🗑
|
||||
| sleep | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
🗑
|
||||
| Social Anxiety Disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
🗑
|
||||
| Social Exchange Theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| Social Facilitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| social identity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Social Learning theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| social learning theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| Social Loafing | show 🗑
|
||||
| Social psychology | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
🗑
|
||||
| Social Trap | show 🗑
|
||||
| social-cognitive perspective | show 🗑
|
||||
| Social-Responsibility Norm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)
🗑
|
||||
| Somatoform Disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| somatosensory cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
🗑
|
||||
| spacing effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| Split Brain | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
🗑
|
||||
| show | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
🗑
|
||||
| Standard Deviations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group.
🗑
|
||||
| Stanford-Binet | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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| stereotype threat | show 🗑
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| show | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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| stimulants | show 🗑
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| storage | show 🗑
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| show | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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| stress | show 🗑
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| show | Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener;used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
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| show | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
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| subliminal perception | show 🗑
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| show | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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| show | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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| Survey | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
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| synapse | show 🗑
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| systematic desensitization | show 🗑
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| tardive dyskinesia | show 🗑
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| show | groups of cells located on the tongue that enable one to recognize different tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, salt)
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| show | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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| show | individuals characteritc manner of behavior or reaction assumed to have a strong genetic basis
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.
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| show | under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
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| show | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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| terror-management theory | show 🗑
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| show | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
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| Testing effect | show 🗑
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| Testosterone | show 🗑
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| show | the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.
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| Thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | show 🗑
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| Theory of Mind | show 🗑
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| show | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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| threshold | show 🗑
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| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
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| show | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.
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| show | Constructing perceptions based on our experiences and expectations
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| show | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
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| transduction | show 🗑
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| show | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
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| transgender | show 🗑
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| triarchic theory | show 🗑
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| two-factor theory | show 🗑
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| Type A personality | show 🗑
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| Type B personality | show 🗑
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| show | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
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| show | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) | show 🗑
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| show | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
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| show | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)
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| variable-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| variable-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| vestibular sense | show 🗑
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| virtual reality exposure therapy | show 🗑
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| show | Laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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| show | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from longer/red, shorter/blue
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| show | Ernst Weber; the principle that accounts for how one notices the difference threshold for any change must be proportional
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | show 🗑
|
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| William Stern | show 🗑
|
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| withdrawal | show 🗑
|
||||
| working memory | show 🗑
|
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| show | the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females
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| Y Chromosome | show 🗑
|
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| show | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
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|
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | show 🗑
|
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| Zygote | show 🗑
|
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| show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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