Neurons
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Hippocampal pyramidal cell features | show 🗑
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show | Pseudo-unipolar, soma offset from axon w/ distal/proximal processes
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Retinal bipolar cell features | show 🗑
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show | Soma in ventral horn of spinal cord w/ multiple dendrites, single axon projects to/outside spinal cord, long axon -> effector organs
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show | GABAergic inhibitory neurons, elaborate dendritic arbor w/ multiple dendritic spines, parallel fibres connect dendritic spines, store signal trajectory information
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Na+ ion distribution | show 🗑
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K+ ion distribution | show 🗑
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show | 9 mM in, 125 mM out, -71 mV, inward current
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Ca2+ ion distribution | show 🗑
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What maintains the Na+/K+ gradients? | show 🗑
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Nernst equation purpose | show 🗑
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Nernst equation | show 🗑
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Nernst equation exception | show 🗑
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What is the resting potential? | show 🗑
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Why is the resting potential? | show 🗑
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show | [K+]o x [Cl-]o = [Cl-]i x [K+]i
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Donnan product rule rationale | show 🗑
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show | K+/2Cl- cotransporter -> driven by Na+/K+ ATPase, Na+/HCO3-/H+/Cl- exchanger -> (HCl out) driven by Ca2+/H+ ATPase exchanger
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Effect of Cl- extrusion | show 🗑
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How is Cl- moved in developing neurons/adult olfactory receptor neurons | show 🗑
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How is Ca2+ extruded from cells? | show 🗑
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Effect of Ca2+ extrusion | show 🗑
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show | Free passage of ions/small molecules
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Gap junction disdavantages | show 🗑
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Where are gap junctions used? | show 🗑
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show | No size/voltage requirements, small cells rely on nt to produce EPP, unidirectional, flexible -> diffrent nt/receptors for excitatory/inhibitory
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Chemical synapse disadvantages | show 🗑
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Where are chemical synapses used? | show 🗑
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show | v-SNARE -> vesicular Ca2+ sensor
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show | v-SNARE -> aids fusion
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show | t-SNARE -> bind synaptotagmin in Ca2+ dependent manner
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show | t-SNARE -> bind synaptobrevin
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SNARE complex | show 🗑
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Vesicle fusion process | show 🗑
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show | [Ca2+]4 e
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show | Present w/in presynaptic terminal/synthesis mechanisms exist, released in adequate quantity on stimulation, added nt has same effect (stimulation/inhibition)
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show | Ion flow, fast excitation
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Metabotropic receptors | show 🗑
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show | Glu receptor -> Mg2+ ion blocks pore at rest -> membrane depolarisation repels Mg2+ ion -> allows Na2+/Ca2+ influx -> slow depolarisation
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show | AMPA, kainate receptors
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AMPA receptor | show 🗑
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Major CNS excitatory transmitter | show 🗑
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Major CNS inhibitory transmitter | show 🗑
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GABA A receptor | show 🗑
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GABA B receptor | show 🗑
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show | Role changes from excitatory to inhibitory as brain matures -> Cl- gradient switches
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show | Synthesised from DOPA in ventral tegmental substantia nigra in brainstem -> CNS neurotransmitter/circulation hormones
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show | Dopamine modification -> nucleus ventrolateral to area postrema/nucleus in solitary tract dorsal region
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show | Adrenaline modification -> locus coeruleus
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show | 5-hydroxytryptamine (derived from Trp) -> 90% produced in GI tract (regulate intestinal mvmt) -> serotonergic neurons in CNS brainstem raphe nuclei -> mood/cognition/reward/learning/memory
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show | CNS/uterus nt -> behaviour/sleeping cycles -> degraded by histamine N-methyltransferase enzyme
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Dopamine receptors | show 🗑
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show | No ionotropic, alpha1/2 and beta1/2 metabotropic
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Serotonin receptors | show 🗑
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show | Histamine gated Cl channel (CNS hypo/thalamus) ionotropic, H1 /2/3 metabotropic
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ACh receptors | show 🗑
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Phospholipase A2 receptors | show 🗑
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show | Fastest -> ionotropic, metabotropic, other transmitters, peptides/hormones, growth factors
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