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Neurons

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Hippocampal pyramidal cell features   show
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show Pseudo-unipolar, soma offset from axon w/ distal/proximal processes  
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Retinal bipolar cell features   show
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show Soma in ventral horn of spinal cord w/ multiple dendrites, single axon projects to/outside spinal cord, long axon -> effector organs  
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show GABAergic inhibitory neurons, elaborate dendritic arbor w/ multiple dendritic spines, parallel fibres connect dendritic spines, store signal trajectory information  
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Na+ ion distribution   show
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K+ ion distribution   show
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show 9 mM in, 125 mM out, -71 mV, inward current  
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Ca2+ ion distribution   show
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What maintains the Na+/K+ gradients?   show
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Nernst equation purpose   show
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Nernst equation   show
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Nernst equation exception   show
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What is the resting potential?   show
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Why is the resting potential?   show
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show [K+]o x [Cl-]o = [Cl-]i x [K+]i  
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Donnan product rule rationale   show
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show K+/2Cl- cotransporter -> driven by Na+/K+ ATPase, Na+/HCO3-/H+/Cl- exchanger -> (HCl out) driven by Ca2+/H+ ATPase exchanger  
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Effect of Cl- extrusion   show
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How is Cl- moved in developing neurons/adult olfactory receptor neurons   show
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How is Ca2+ extruded from cells?   show
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Effect of Ca2+ extrusion   show
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show Free passage of ions/small molecules  
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Gap junction disdavantages   show
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Where are gap junctions used?   show
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show No size/voltage requirements, small cells rely on nt to produce EPP, unidirectional, flexible -> diffrent nt/receptors for excitatory/inhibitory  
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Chemical synapse disadvantages   show
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Where are chemical synapses used?   show
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show v-SNARE -> vesicular Ca2+ sensor  
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show v-SNARE -> aids fusion  
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show t-SNARE -> bind synaptotagmin in Ca2+ dependent manner  
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show t-SNARE -> bind synaptobrevin  
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SNARE complex   show
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Vesicle fusion process   show
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show [Ca2+]4 e  
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show Present w/in presynaptic terminal/synthesis mechanisms exist, released in adequate quantity on stimulation, added nt has same effect (stimulation/inhibition)  
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show Ion flow, fast excitation  
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Metabotropic receptors   show
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show Glu receptor -> Mg2+ ion blocks pore at rest -> membrane depolarisation repels Mg2+ ion -> allows Na2+/Ca2+ influx -> slow depolarisation  
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show AMPA, kainate receptors  
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AMPA receptor   show
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Major CNS excitatory transmitter   show
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Major CNS inhibitory transmitter   show
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GABA A receptor   show
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GABA B receptor   show
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show Role changes from excitatory to inhibitory as brain matures -> Cl- gradient switches  
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show Synthesised from DOPA in ventral tegmental substantia nigra in brainstem -> CNS neurotransmitter/circulation hormones  
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show Dopamine modification -> nucleus ventrolateral to area postrema/nucleus in solitary tract dorsal region  
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show Adrenaline modification -> locus coeruleus  
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show 5-hydroxytryptamine (derived from Trp) -> 90% produced in GI tract (regulate intestinal mvmt) -> serotonergic neurons in CNS brainstem raphe nuclei -> mood/cognition/reward/learning/memory  
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show CNS/uterus nt -> behaviour/sleeping cycles -> degraded by histamine N-methyltransferase enzyme  
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Dopamine receptors   show
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show No ionotropic, alpha1/2 and beta1/2 metabotropic  
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Serotonin receptors   show
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show Histamine gated Cl channel (CNS hypo/thalamus) ionotropic, H1 /2/3 metabotropic  
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ACh receptors   show
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Phospholipase A2 receptors   show
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show Fastest -> ionotropic, metabotropic, other transmitters, peptides/hormones, growth factors  
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