Chapter 8: MOTIVATION
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| Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied. | Self-Determination Theory
SDT
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| The ultimate goal. Defined by Maslow as a person's "full-use and expoitation of talents, capacities and potentialities". | self-actualization
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| Maslow's hierarchial divisiom of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fullfillment needs. | Hierarchy of needs
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| He said we are innately motivated to satisfy a Hierarchy of needs. | Abraham Maslow
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| It stimulates the appetite. Hormone manufactured primarily by the stomache that stimulates the appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the Pituitary gland. | Ghrelin
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| The Caloric Intake that falls short of calories expended for fat cells that is used for physical activity and metabolic functions. | Negative Energy balance
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| Eating more than your going to use. | Positive Energy Balance
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| The long-term match of food intake to energy expenditure. | Energy Homeostasis
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| Carl Maslow. People/behavior is motivated because want to reach highest personal potential. | Humanistic
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| Want to maintain optimum level. The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of ________ that is optimal- neither too high nor too low. | Arousal
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| Biological, Emotional, Cognitive or Social Forces that activate or direct behavior. | Motivation
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| Motivates our theory. Innate; evolutionary programming. The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming | Instinct
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| Freud said: Desire to reduce internal tension due to unmet biological needs. | Drive
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| The pull of external goals. The view that behavior is motivated b the pull of external goals such as: rewards. | Incentive
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| The rate of energy use by resting body for vital functions. (breathing, heart rate...etc) | Basal Metabolic Rate=BMR
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| Neurotransmitters found in several brain areas, most notably the Hypothalamus that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting Postive Energy Balance and weight gain. | Neuropeptide Y
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| Involved in brain mechanisms controlling food intake and body weight. _______ receptors are located in the same Hypothalamus areas as Leptin receptors. | Insulin
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| A hormone secreted by the body's Adipose tissue into the blood stream. It regulates hunger and eating behavior. | leptin
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| A psychological factor. The reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food. | Sensory-specific satiety
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| A hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain. | Cholecystokinin=CCK
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| In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a mean; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied. | Satiation
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| The anticipated please of eating certain foods | Positive Incentive Value
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| The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal. Fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, anger and sadness. | Basic emotions
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| Triggers _______ __ _____ response. By being threatened= breathing fast, heart rate speeds up, blood pressure surges, perspiration, mouth goes dry...etc. ALSO activates excitement, passion, love and extreme joy. | The sympathetic Nervous system and the "fight or flight" response.
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| A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience a physiological response and a behavioral/expressive response. 3 Components: Subjective experience, Phys. response, and Behavioral response. | Emotion
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| The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding or outperforming others at some task. | Achievement motivation
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| The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation. | Competence motivation
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| Rewards, social evaluation. Motivations outside of us. External factors or influences on behavior such as rewards, consequences and social expectations | Extrinsic Motivation
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| Motivations within us. The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging . The desire to do something for it's own sake. | Intrinsic Motivation
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| Need to determine, control, organize. | Autonomy
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| Need to learn and master tasks. | Competence
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| Need to feel attached to others, belongingness,security, and intimacy. | Relatedness
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| Demonstrated by the initiation or production of behavior. | Activation
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| Demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles. | Persistance
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| Is seen in the greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior. | Intensity
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| Signal Influences motivation: Physiological changes | 30 minutes before you eat something.
Increases insulin, decrease glucose in blood.
Ghrelin=stimulates appetite
Body temp. Increase=Metabolism
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| Signal Influences motivation: Psychological Factors | Time of the day you eat->classically conditioning
Taste of food is rewarding->operant conditioning
-Positive Incentive value
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| Factors involved in obesity: Dopamine Receptors | People that are obese have less Dopamine receptors.
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| Factors involved in obesity: Weight cycling | Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss and weight gain.
AKA= Yo Yo Dieting
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| Factors involved in obesity: Leptin Resistance | A condition in which higher than normal blood levels of the hormone Leptin do not produce the expected physiological response
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: BMR: Individual differences and Lifespan changes | BMR
Metabolism decreases with age
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: Too little sleep: Disrupting hunger hormones | Going without adequate sleep disrupts the hunger related hormones Leptin and Ghrelin.
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: Positive Incentive value: Highly Palatable foods | Rather than hunger, we are often enticed to eat by _______ _______ _______ of available foods and anticipated pleasures of consuming those highly palatable foods.
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: The "super-size it" syndrome: Overeating | Caloric Intake increased:
All you can eat buffets
Pizza Buffets
Fast food restaurants
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: The Cafeteria Diet Effect | The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available.
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| Factors involved in becoming overweight: Sedentary Lifestyles | Sloth-couch potatoes.
4/10 Americans NEVER exercise, play sports, or engage in physical activity.
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