Psych Chapter 6
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| Memory | System that allows us to retain information
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| Memory Encoding | Process of converting info into a form that can be stored in memory
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| Memory storage | Process of retaining info in memory
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| Memory retrieval | Process of accessing stored info to make it available to consciousness
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| Retrieval cues | Cues associated with the original learning that facilitated the retrieval of memories
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| Three-stage model | A model of memory that posits 3 distinct storages of memory; sensory, short-term, long-term
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| Sensory memory | Storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a short time
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| Sensory register | A temporary storage device for holding sensory memories
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| Iconic Memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation for a visual image for a fraction of a second
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| Eidetic imagery | Mental representation of a visual image (photographic memory)
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| Echoic memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears
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| Short-term memory | Memory subsystem that allows retension/processing of newly acquired info-max 30 seconds
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| Chunking | Process of enhancing retention of a large amount of info by breaking it down into smaller, more easily recalled chunks
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| Maintenance rehearsal | Process of extending retention of info held in short-term memory by consciously repeating the information
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| Long-term memory | Memory subsystem responsible for long-term storage of info
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| Consolidation | Process of converting short- term memories into long-term memories
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| Elaborative rehearsal | Process of strengthening new memories by forming meaningful association between info and existing memories or knowledge
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| Semantic network model | Representation of organizational structure of long-term memory
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| Levels of processing theory | Belief that how well/long info is remembered depends on depth of encoding/processing
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| Declarative Memory | Memory of facts and personal info that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind
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| Semantic memory | Memory of facts
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| Episodic memory | Memory of personal experiences
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| Retrospective memory | Memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information
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| Prospective memory | Memory of things one plans to do in the future
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| Implicit memory | Memory evoked without any conscious effort to remember
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| Explicit memory | Memory accessed through conscious effort
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| Constructionist theory | Theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a reconstruction of the past
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| Procedural memory | Memory of how to do things, such as ride a bicycle, climb stairs, perform math equations
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| Flashbulb memories | Enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared in the brain
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| Misinformation effect | Form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and is caused by misinformation provided during retention interval
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| Decay theory | Theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fake away over time
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| Savings method | Method of testing memory retention by comparing numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn the material at a later time
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| Massed versus spaced practice effect | Tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice
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| Interference Theory | Belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other
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| Retroactive interference | Form of interference in which newly acquired info interferes with retention of material learned earlier
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| Proactive interference | Form of interference in which material learned earlier interferes with retention of newly acquired info
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| Overlearning | Practice repeated beyond the point necessary to reproduce material without error
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| Serial position effect | Tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of a list
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| Primary effect | Tendency to recall items better when they are learned first
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| Recency effect | Tendency to recall items better when they are learned last
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| Retrieval theory | Belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories
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| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | An experience in which people are sure they known something but cannot seem to bring it to mind
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| Repression | In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety evoking material
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| Free recall | A type of recall task in which individual are asked to recall as much info as they can about a particular topic in any order
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| Recognition task | A method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from a range of alternative answers
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| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory of past events
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| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss/impairment of ability to form/store new memories
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| Dissociative amnesia | Amnesia involving the "splitting off"from memory of traumatic/troubling experiences
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| Engram | Lashley's term for the physical trace of etching of a memory in the brain
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| Long term potentiation (LTP) | Long term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation
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| Mnemonic | Device for improving memory
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| Acrostic | A verse or saying in which a latter of each word stands for something else
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| Constructive processing | Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information
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| Hindsight Bias | Tendency to falsely believe through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event
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| False memory syndrome | Creation of inaccurate/false memories through the suggestion of others, often while person is under hypnosis
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| False positive | Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus not actively in memory
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| Misinformation effect | Tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter memories of the event itself
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