Anatomy & Physiology: Cardiovascular
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| What determines stroke volume (3)? | show 🗑
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| show | mitral - tricuspid - aortic - pulmonary
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| show | 1. aortic valve closes before pulmonic
2. splitting that does not differ upon inspiration/expiration
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| 1. What is S3? 2. What is S4? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. vagus
2. glossopharyngeal
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| show | 1.a wave - atrial contraction
2. c wave - ventricular contraction
3. x wave - atrial relaxation
4. v wave - atrial filling
5. y wave - tricuspid open and ventricular filling
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| show | 1. atrial depolarization
2. ventricular depolarization
3. ventricular repolarization
4. how long it takes impulse to travel from SA node to ventricles
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| show | 300/number of boxes between R waves
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| show | 0.2 s
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| show | P wave bigger than the QRS
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| What rate in normal sinus rhythm? | show 🗑
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| Which chamber of the heart normally has the highest pressure? | show 🗑
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| show | Flow ratio of pulmonary blood to systemic blood flow
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| Increased blood pressure leads to increased baroreceptor firing. What does this lead to? | show 🗑
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| What must happen for systemic vasoconstriction to occur without a change in systemic blood pressure | show 🗑
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| 1. What is afterload? 2. How is afterload measured? 3. How does increased arterial pressure effect afterload? | show 🗑
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| 1. How is EDV related to contractility? 2. How is EDV related to cardiac output? | show 🗑
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| What is mean systemic pressure? | show 🗑
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| What is blood pressure equal to? | show 🗑
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| How is venous return related to right atrial pressure? | show 🗑
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| 1. Ejection Fraction equation 2. Can the ejection fraction of the two ventricles be different? | show 🗑
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| 1. What is cardiac output using the Fick Principle? 2. How is O2 consumption calculated? 3. How is O2 content calculated? | show 🗑
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| show | ↑afterload →↓ stroke volume →↑ preload
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| What is the best way to clinically measure contractility of the heart? | show 🗑
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| show | ↑stroke volume and ↓ end diastolic volume so ↑ ejection fraction
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| show | 1. ↑ intracellular calcium
2. ↓ intracellular calcium
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| What is the formula for pulse pressure? | show 🗑
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| show | hematocrit
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| Which receptors in the systemic vasculature cause vasodilation? Constriction? | show 🗑
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| S4 occurs in what physiological states... | show 🗑
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| What two ways does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide act to decrease BP? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. vasoconstricts renal arterioles
2. increases water reabsorption from collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule
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| 1. Vasodilation in coronary vasculature is mediated by what? 2. When is this substance released? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. K+
2. inwardly rectifying current
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| show | 1. Na/K ATPase - 3 Na out, 2 K in
2. Calcium/Na exchanger - 1Ca out, 2 Na in
3. Calcium ATPase - 2Ca out
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| Which direction do the concentration and electrical membrane forces influence K flow? | show 🗑
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| How does an increased permeability to K affect the resting membrane potential? | show 🗑
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| show | - increases membrane permability to K so more exits cell
- cells become hyperpolarized
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| Acetylcholine acts mainly where in the heart? | show 🗑
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| In slow fibers: T-type calcium channels are open during phase__. L-type calcium channels are open during phase __. | show 🗑
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| What happens at each stage in fast fibers 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. when an action potential cannot be elicited
2. when an AP can be elicited if there is a greater than normal stimulus
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| How do the areas that are sympathetically and parasympathetically stimulated differ in the heart | show 🗑
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| show | purkinje fibers > atria > ventricles > Av node
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| show | 1. Contractility
2. Afterload
3. Preload
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| show | anything that ↑ tension or rate
1. ↑ afterload (↑ EDV)
2. ↑ heart rate
3. ↑ heart size (↑ wall tension)
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| 1. How do venodilators affect preload? 2. How do vasodilators affect afterload? | show 🗑
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| Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of highest O2 consumption? | show 🗑
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| show | increase heart rate leads to increased force of contraction in a stepwise fashion by slowing increasing levels of intracellular calcium
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| show | 1. increased HR
2. sympathetic stimulation
3. cardiac glycosides
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| How do cardiac glycosides affect inotropy? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. T = (P x r)/wall thickness
2. ventricular dilation increases radius of ventricle so increases Tension
3. hypertrophies and increases wall thickness
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| show | 1. decrease preload
2. increases preload
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| show | Pventilation during exercise/Pventilation at rest = O2 consum. during exercise/O2 consum. at rest
Pventilation during exercise = 60 L/min
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| show | decreases the end systolic volume
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| show | 1. altered sensitivity of tropnin-C for calcium
2. optimum association between actin and myosin
3. more calcium "channels" or stretch calcium channels
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| show | number of actin-myosin crossbridge formed
amount of Ca2+ entering muscle fibers from extracellular fluid
activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
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| Which part of the cardiac myosin contains ATPase activity? | show 🗑
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| Describe the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in the sarcomere: | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac muscle has low compliance and higher testing length tension
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| show | contractility changes cardiac performance independent of fiber length (preload) or afterload
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| During stage 2 of the cardiac cycle Ca2+ enters the cell through __-type Ca2+ channels, also known as ____. | show 🗑
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| Do cardiac glycosides affect preload or afterload? How? | show 🗑
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| 1. most likely cause of a systolic ejection murmur in children? 2. in adults? | show 🗑
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| Which ventricle performs more work? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. that which expels blood from the LV
2. the strength and lengthening of myocardial elements
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| How do positive inotropic agents affect EDV? | show 🗑
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| show | lowers
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| show | 1. fatty acids
2. SA/AV nodes and atrial myocytes
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| 1. What is the metabolism pattern (with respect to glucose and fatty acid metabolism) in normal heart? 2. How is metabolism in heart affected under ischemic condition? | show 🗑
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| show |
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| show | Right coronary artery
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| show | 1. left atrium
2. right ventricle
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| show | connected in series:
R1 + R2 + R3...
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| show | connected in parallel:
1/R1 + 1R2 + 1/R3...
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| show | arterioles
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| If the radius of an arteriole doubles, how does resistance change? | show 🗑
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| How does S2 splitting change with inspiration? | show 🗑
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| show | atrial septal defect
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| show | 1. aortic stenosis
2. left bundle branch block
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| show | ↑ TPR enhances mitral regurgitation, not tricuspid
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| show | 1. If channels
2. inward Ca2+ current
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| Ventricles are not innervated by which ANS component? | show 🗑
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| In which part of the cardiac conduction circuit is the velocity the slowest? | show 🗑
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| What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on the kidney's to reduce blood volume? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. all of the above
2. only PCO2, and pH
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| What is the Cushing reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. lung arterioles constrict
2. systemic arterioles dilate
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| Why does systolic blood pressure decrease during cardiac tamponade? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. decrease
2. increase
3. increase
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| A person's EKG has no P wave, but has normal QRS complexes and normal T waves. where is the pacemaker located? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. decreased blood viscosity
2. increased blood velocity
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| show | decreases venous return to the heart and decreases CO
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| show | hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse
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| show | 1. 10mmHg
2. 25mmHg
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| Which arrhythmia presents with absent P waves on EKG and a fast HR? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. vagus
2. glossopharyngeal
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| show | increase in blood pressure will increase baroreceptor firing
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| Role of Ryanodiine receptor | show 🗑
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| show | increased because of poor perfusion of kidneys; leads to edema
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| show | potassium (funny channels in pacemaker cells)
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| show | renal artery
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| show | posterior descending artery, a branch of the right coronary artery
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