psychology a level aqa
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| crime | a behaviour that involves the conscious breaking of rules, this includes laws but also anti-social behaviour
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| legislative approach | someone who has broken the law (over inclusive) and has been convicted of a crime (under inclusive)
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| deviance approach | someone who behaves in a deviant or anti-social way ( involves subjective judgement)
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| actus reas | the actuality of proving that someone committed the crime
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| mens rea | the mental element of the crime, the purpose behind doing it
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| official statistics | data collected around four times a year which shows crime rate in certain areas across the UK
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| official statistics evaluation | weakness- dark figure of crime (validity)
-data is manipulated
-focus each month changes
strengths- standardised
-secondary quant data
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| victim surveys | a questionnaire for victims to report their experience
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| yearly victim census | random 50,000 questionnaires asking about crime etc.
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| health and safety survey | younger members (10-15) to add to the census
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| victim surveys evaluation | weakness- ethical issues
- self-report
-low take up rate
strengths- anonymous
-primary data (valid)
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| offender surveys | send questionnaires to who have committed offences, self-report, usually 20000 responses, indicator of repeat offending
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| offender surveys evaluation | weakness- not representable
- self-report
strengths- can show if the systems are working e.g rehabilitation
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| reasons why there is a dark figure of crime | unaware they are victims/ a crime has been committed, their complaint isn't taken seriously, they are scared to report/ don't see the point
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| dark figure of crime | crimes are not reported by victims or recorded by the police
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| percentage of crimes not reported/recorded | 75%
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| bottom-up profiling | profilers work their up from the evidence at the crime scene to develop hypotheses about the likely characteristics, social background and motivation of the offender
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| investigative psychology | the bottom-up approach of building profiles through objective data (Canter)
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| interpersonal coherence | relates to how the offender interacts with their victims and people in their life
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| time and place | the location and time of the crime which indicates the residence and employment etc.
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| forensic awareness | refers to their understanding of police investigation to show if they've had prior experience
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| Canter's circle theory | uses information about the location of the crime scenes to infer where the criminal is based etc.
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| Canter- marauder | criminals who stay in their local area
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| Canter- commuters | travel to commit crimes ( usually closer together)
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| Canter- centre of gravity | where the offender is based
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