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forensics
psychology a level aqa
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| crime | a behaviour that involves the conscious breaking of rules, this includes laws but also anti-social behaviour |
| legislative approach | someone who has broken the law (over inclusive) and has been convicted of a crime (under inclusive) |
| deviance approach | someone who behaves in a deviant or anti-social way ( involves subjective judgement) |
| actus reas | the actuality of proving that someone committed the crime |
| mens rea | the mental element of the crime, the purpose behind doing it |
| official statistics | data collected around four times a year which shows crime rate in certain areas across the UK |
| official statistics evaluation | weakness- dark figure of crime (validity) -data is manipulated -focus each month changes strengths- standardised -secondary quant data |
| victim surveys | a questionnaire for victims to report their experience |
| yearly victim census | random 50,000 questionnaires asking about crime etc. |
| health and safety survey | younger members (10-15) to add to the census |
| victim surveys evaluation | weakness- ethical issues - self-report -low take up rate strengths- anonymous -primary data (valid) |
| offender surveys | send questionnaires to who have committed offences, self-report, usually 20000 responses, indicator of repeat offending |
| offender surveys evaluation | weakness- not representable - self-report strengths- can show if the systems are working e.g rehabilitation |
| reasons why there is a dark figure of crime | unaware they are victims/ a crime has been committed, their complaint isn't taken seriously, they are scared to report/ don't see the point |
| dark figure of crime | crimes are not reported by victims or recorded by the police |
| percentage of crimes not reported/recorded | 75% |
| bottom-up profiling | profilers work their up from the evidence at the crime scene to develop hypotheses about the likely characteristics, social background and motivation of the offender |
| investigative psychology | the bottom-up approach of building profiles through objective data (Canter) |
| interpersonal coherence | relates to how the offender interacts with their victims and people in their life |
| time and place | the location and time of the crime which indicates the residence and employment etc. |
| forensic awareness | refers to their understanding of police investigation to show if they've had prior experience |
| Canter's circle theory | uses information about the location of the crime scenes to infer where the criminal is based etc. |
| Canter- marauder | criminals who stay in their local area |
| Canter- commuters | travel to commit crimes ( usually closer together) |
| Canter- centre of gravity | where the offender is based |
Created by:
emsteel
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