365 CH
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| pain | whatever the person says it is and exists when a person says it does; multidimensional, emotional, physical
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| nociceptive pain | nociceptors in tissues send pain signals to the CNS
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| neuropathic pain | damage to the nerve itself causes typical pain symptoms (pins and needles, numbness, shooting, tingling)
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| cutaneous/ superficial | skin
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| deep somatic | muscles, tendons, bones
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| visceral | organs; cramping, stomach
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| radiating | sensation moves to location
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| phantom | amputee
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| psychogenic | not physical
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| acute pain | manifestations reflect sympathetic nervous system activation; increase HR, RR, BP
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| chronic pain | gradual or sudden, continues past normal recovery time; ongoing, exacerbations
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| pain threshold | fully experiencing can not take pain anymore
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| pain tolerance | how much pain you can be exposed to before reaching threshold
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| hyperalgesia | extreme reaction more so than one would expect
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| allodynia | experiences a stimuli that would not normally cause pain but it does
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| titration | dose adjustment based on analgesic effect versus side effects
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| parenteral | bloodstream; subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous
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| intraspinal | highly potent; smaller doses necessary
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| implantable pumps | intra spinal catheters, patient controlled analgesia
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| cutaneous stimulation | non drug therapy; transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
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| heat therapy | loosen/ vasodilate
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| cold therapy | constrict (for inflamed, swell, bleed, bruising)
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| nonopioid analgesics | mild to moderate; acetaminophen, aspirin, salicylates; do not produce tolerance or physical dependence
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| analgesic ceiling | hits a top point, maximum amount it will work; giving more will not change it's effect
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| acetaminophen risk | too much causes liver dysfunction
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| aspirin, NSAIDs, salicylates risk | too much can cause GI distress and bleeding
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| morphine, oxycodone, codeine | potent, no analgesic ceiling and several routes for administration; moderate to severe pain
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| morphine risk | can cause respiratory depression
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| physical dependence | normal response with opioid use of 2 weeks or more; manifested with withdrawal symptoms
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| tolerance | normal response with regular use of opioid; increased usage needed to effect pain relief
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| non opioids combined with opioids | provides optimal pain relief for moderate pain and limits use of opioids; limits risk of tolerance and dependence and adverse side effects
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| naloxone (narcan) | reverses effects of opioids by competitively binding to opioid receptor; can treat over sedation and respiratory depression
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| adverse effects of analgesic agents | respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, constipation (need bowel regimen)
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| adjuvant analgesics | local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants
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| opioid analgesics physiologic pain relief | act on CNS to inhibit activity of nociceptive pathways
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| NSAIDs physiologic pain relief | inhibit cycloxygenase
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