Conditioning, social psych, stats
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| stimulus generalization | Albert also exhibited a great deal of stimulus generalization and responded to a white rabbit and other white furry objects with a startle reaction.
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| Stimulus discrimination | is the opposite of stimulus generalization and is the ability to discriminate between the CS and similar stimuli.discriminate between the two stimuli and salivate only in response to the 2000-Hz tone not 2100
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| backward conditioning | the US is presented before the CS. Backward conditioning is usually ineffective, which suggests that it’s the contingency of stimuli
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| Cue exposure therapy (CET- classical conditioning) | type of exposure with response prevention that’s used to treat substance use disorders. It involves exposing a client to cues (conditioned stimuli) associated with a substance while prohibiting him/her from using the substance
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| Implosive therapy | exaggerate his/her image of the feared object, elicit a high level of anxiety , embellishes the scene being imagined with psychodynamic conflicts that are believed to underlie the client’s anxiety (sexuality, hostility- rejection)
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| Aversion Therapy for fetish | fetish object is the CS, electric shock the US, pain caused by the electric shock is the UR. pairing the fetish object with electric shock, the fetish object produces a conditioned response (CR) of pain rather than sexual arousal.
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| Covert Sensitization | When aversion therapy is conducted in imagination rather than in vivo (with real stimuli), it’s known as covert sensitization. When using covert sensitization, sessions often end by having the client imagine a relief scene.
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| Extinction burst | reinforcement is withheld every time the behavior occurs. termination of reinforcement eventually results in a decrease or cessation of the behavior, it often initially produces a temporary increase in the behavior aka?
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| Response generalization | Response generalization is occurring when a young child who’s praised for sharing a toy with another child starts sharing other toys with other children.
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| What are escape and avoidance conditioning? | Escape and avoidance conditioning are applications of negative reinforcement. Escape conditioning occurs when a behavior occurs because it allows the individual to escape an unpleasant stimulus.
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| Thorndike law of effect, | behaviors that are followed by satisfying consequences are likely to occur again, while behaviors that are followed by dissatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated
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| Negative reinforcement | behavior increases or is maintained because a stimulus is removed following the behavior. Example: A child straightens her room because her parents stop nagging her when she does so.
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| Multi-Store Model of Memory | describes memory as consisting of three levels: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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| STM | 20 seconds unless the information is rehearsed
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| Kohler’s Insight Learning | Kohler’s theory of insight learning was influenced by Gestalt psychology and was based on his research with chimpanzees. Moved box for banana
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| 4 mediating processes of social learning? | Bandura concluded that observational learning depends on four mediational processes – attention, retention, production, and motivation:
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| MMPI scales | high L and K scale scores, a low F scale score suggest an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light and, for parents undergoing custody evaluations, is associated with parental alienation syndrome- turn the children against the other parent.
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| MBTI | based on Jung’s personality typology and provides information on four bipolar personality dimensions: introversion-extraversion (I, E), sensing-intuition (S, N), thinking-feeling (T, F), and judging-perceiving (J, P).
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| Rorschach Inkblot Test: | Exner’s Comprehensive System is a commonly used method and involves scoring an examinee’s responses
Location. Determimants. Content. Form quality. Popularity
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Murray (1943) based the TAT on his system of human needs | Murray’s scoring system involves identifying the story’s hero, the hero’s needs and press (internal and external causes of the hero’s behavior), and the outcomes for each story.
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| NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3): | the “Big Five” personality traits:Linked to research on disorders like high Neuroticism, low O/E in Alzheimers
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| Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM): | nonverbal measure of abstract reasoning that provides an estimate of fluid intelligence. It is relatively free from the effects of specific educational and cultural learning. Autism
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| actor-observer effect | addresses the attributions we make about ourselves and other people, and it is the tendency to attribute our own behaviors to situational factors and the behaviors of others to dispositional factors
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| fundamental attribution error | tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors when making attributions about the behavior of another person.
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| ultimate attribution error | attributions made of entire groups. negative behaviors of members of one’s own in-groups are attributed to situational factors while the negative behaviors of members of out-groups are consistently attributed to dispositional factors
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| Deindividuation | occurs when people can act anonymously because they’re in a large crowd or their identities are disguised.
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| social inhibition | is a decrease in performance and affects difficult and unfamiliar tasks.
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| Gamblers fallacy | person is exhibiting the gambler’s fallacy when, after five coin tosses come up with heads, the person is certain that the next toss will be tails.
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| Illusory control | It has been used to explain superstitious behaviors that people believe will maximize their probability of success. A gambler’s belief that blowing on the dice before throwing
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| hindsight bias aka knew it all along | after a political election, study participants’ memories of their own pre-election predictions about the percent of votes for the different political parties were closer to the actual percentages than their original predictions had been.
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| Pratfall effect | attractiveness of a person who is perceived to be competent increases when that person commits a blunder, while the attractiveness of a person who is perceived to be mediocre decreases when he or she commits a blunder.
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| The chi-square test | is used when the data to be analyzed are nominal data. when determining the number of variables for the chi-square test, you count all of the variables.
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| ACH | Autonomic-PSNS (Salivation, arousal, GI, Bradycardia)
Contraction- Muscles
Hippocampus- Learning, attn, awake, memory
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| Basal Ganglia Damage (SAM PHOT) | Schizophrenia, ADHD, Mood, Parkinson's, Huntington's, OCD, Tourette's
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| Serotonin Syndrome | HEAD- confusion/agitation/Headaches
RED-Hypertension, tachycardia, sweat
DEAD- OD
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| Butane-Buproprion Antidepressant | Happiness- Birthday Candles, Sex-no sexual side effects, Quit Smoking
*Budane*
Buproprion (Wellbutrin/zyban) Dopamine and Norepinephrine
Can cause seizures in bulimics
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| MAOI's- DANES on Maui with Tyra eating wine/cheese | DANES (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin)
tyramine foods with MAOI's- hypertensive crisis.
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| Cannon bard theory"twins" | emotion happens at same time as physiology (thalamus helps)
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| Bipolar 1-"1 fun week" | "Manic episode" +_ Depressive episode
4/7 DIGFAST at least 1 week.
or hospitalization, or psychosis
Distractible
Impulsive
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity+
Sleep decrease
Talkative
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| Cyclothymia | 2 years
"Hypomanic episodes" + "Dysthymic episodes"
3/7 DIGFAST- 4 days
2-4 SIGECAPS and does not meet MDD
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| Bipolar 2 "Hypo Man3a" | Hypomania +- depressive episode
3/7 DIGFAST at least 4 days.
"Hypo Man3a" HYPO-4 letters, 3 sym
Distractible
Impulsive
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity+
Sleep decrease
Talkative
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| DIG FAST | Distractible
Impulsive
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity+
Sleep decrease
Talkative
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| PASS model- Intelligence | Planning Attention
Simultaneous Sequential
CAS2 is based off this. Pass is better than CHC when crystallized abilities not appropriate due to culture/other.
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| A TTDR- cycle (Sleep stages) | Alpha (same as delta)-
Theta Low Low
Theta spindles fast, K large and slow
Delta low frequent fliers , amped up high
REM takes 8 or 9
Cycle back with REM getting more time
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| MDD Diagnosis | "2 Blue Weeks(5)" depressed mood+ anhedonia (no pleasure)
5 SIGECAPS
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| SIGECAPS | MDD symptoms need 5.
Sleep, interest, guilt/worth, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor agitate/retard, suicidal
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| Cere's Hip PreFormed Tha Most AMazing Song : GANG memories. 6 brain + 5 neurotrans | Cerebellem (proced/implicit), Hippo (LT, Sptl, episod, declar), PFC (working/prospec), Thalamus-Mamm (Episode Antero/Retro), Amyg (Emotion),Serotonin (ST+LT store), Gluta (LTP), ACH (low in Alz), NE (Enhances memory AMy), GABA (Working)
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| Sleep uPONS 5 RASpy Super DoGS 3 brain, 3 neurotransmitters, 5 stage cycle for sleep | Pons (deep/REM), RAS (Arousal, wake transitions), SuperChiaNuc(Circadian/Melotonin release).
Dopamine (sleep regul w pineal)
Serotonin (Sleep/wake-Melotonin)
GABA (low-insomnia, Increase2 induce sleep w Benzo)
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| Cue exposure therapy (CET) is a type of exposure with response prevention that’s used to treat substance use disorders | CET is often effective when used alone, but there’s evidence that its effectiveness increases when it’s combined with training in coping strategies to use when faced with cues, such as reminding oneself about the negative consequences.
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| According to his law of effect, behaviors that are followed by satisfying consequences are likely to occur again, while | while behaviors that are followed by dissatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated. Thorndike
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