The human body
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| abdomen | body cavity w/ major organs or digestion and excretion
below diaphragm above pelvis
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| acetabulum | depression on lateral pelvis where the femoral head fits
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| adams apple | prominence of cartilage in upper larynx- in men
also called the thyroid cartilage
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide- energy metabolism; stores energy
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| adrenal glands | endocrine glands- on top of kindneys- release adrenaline when stimulated by PNS
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| adrenergic | nerves that release norepinephrine or noradrenaline
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| aerobic metabolism | metabolism that works IN the presence of oxygen
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| agonal gasps | abnormal, slow/gasping breathes, seen sometimes w cardiac arrest
INEFFECTIVE BREATHS
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| alpha-adrenergic receptors | part of the nervous system that when stimulated cause constriction of blood vessels
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| alveoli | air sacs of the lungs
where exchange of 02 and C02 takes place
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| anaerobic metabolism | metabolism that takes place in the absence of 02
byproduct=lactic acid
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| anatomic position | Pt standing forward, arms at side, palms forward
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| aorta | main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the body
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| appendicular skeleton | comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
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| appendix | small, tubular- attached to lower border of cecum (in the LRQ of abdomen)
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| arterioles | smallest branches of arteries- leads to network of capillaries
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| articular cartilage | covers the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the end) of bones- in synovial joints
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| atrium | 2 upper chambers of the heart
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| autonomic nervous system | regulates functions that are nonvoluntary (digestion, sweating)
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| axial skeleton | skull, spinal column and rib cage
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| ball-and-socket joint | allows internal and external rotation and bending
(ie: shoulder, hip)
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| beta-adrenergic receptors | part of nervous system that when stimulated cause an increased forced of contraction of the heart and can increase heart rate and bronchial dilation
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| biceps | large muscles- front of humorous
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| bile ducts | convey bile between the liver and intestine
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| blood pressure (BP) | pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries
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| brachial artery | major vessels in upper extremities- supplies blood to arm
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| brain | controlling organ of body
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| brain stem | between spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by cerebellum; controls life functions
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| capillary vessels | tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules that allow transfer of 02, C02, nutrients, and waste between tissue and the blood
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| cardiac muscle | heart muscle, creates internal electrical current
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| cardiac output (CO) | measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 min
Stroke volume times heartrate
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| carotid artery | major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
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| cartilage | smooth connective tissue- supports structure, cushions bones
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| cecum | first part of large intestine, where the ileum opens
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| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebellum | the "little brain"
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | fluid that flows to protect the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebrum | largest part of the brain- gray matter
made up of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, vision, emotion, or personality
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| cervical spine | first 7 vertebrae- in the neck
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| chordae tendineae | thin band of fibrous tissue that attach valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
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| chyme | substance that leaves the stomach (eaten foods w stomach acids)
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| circulatory system | complex arrangement of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins- moves blood, 02, nutrients, C02 and cellular waste
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| clavicle | the collar bone
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| coccyx | last 3-4 vertebrae (the tail bone)
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| coronal plane | line that divided the body into front and back parts (imaginary)
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| cranium | area of head above the ears and eyes; the skull- contains the brain
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| cricoid cartilage | firm ridge of cartilage that forms lower part of the larynx
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| cricothyroid membrane | thin sheet of fascia that connects thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
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| dead space | part of the airway that contains air but there's no gas Exhange
(ventilation but not respiration)
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| dermis | inner layer of the skin
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| diaphragm | muscular dome- forms undersurface of thorax- separates chest from abdominal cavity
contractions bring air into the lungs and relaxion allows air to be propelled out of the lungs
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| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles in the heart
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| diffusion | movement of gas from a HIGH area of concentration TO a LOW area
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| digestion | processing of food
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| dorsalis pedis artery | artery on anterior surface of foot
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| endocrine system | complex message and control system that integrates body functions (release of hormones)
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| enzymes | designed to speed up some biochemical reactions
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| epidermis | outer layer of skin
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| epiglottis | thin, grouping of cells that's sealed together to form a tight protective covering for food from entering the airway
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| epinephrine | hormone produced by adrenal glands- vital role in sympathetic Nervous system
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| esophagus | collapsable tube- extends from pharynx to stomach- propels food and liquids into stomach
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| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
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| extension | straightening of a joint
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| fallopian tube | long, slender tubes- extend from uterus to ovaries- where the ovum passes
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| femoral artery | major artery of the thigh- supplies blood to the lower extermities
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| femoral head | proximal end of the femur
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| femur | the thighbone; longest and strongest bone
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| flexion | bending of a joint
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| foramen magnum | large opening in the skull that allows brain to connect to spinal cord
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| frontal bone | forehead- bone
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| gallbladder | sac on undersurface of liver- collects bile from liver and discharges it through the bile duct
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| genital system | reproductive system
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| germinal layer | deepest layer of epidermis where new skin cells are formed
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| greater trochanter | bone prominence of the proximal. lateral side of thigh
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| hair follicles | small organs that produce hair
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| heart rate | number of heartbeats in 1 min
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| hinge joint | bend and straighten, but cannot rotate (ie: elbow)
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| hormones | substances formed in organs/glands that are carries to an organ- regulate many body functions
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| humorous | bone of the upper arm
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| hydrostatic pressure | pressure of water against the walls of its container
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| hypoxic drive | "backup system" to control respiration
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| ilium | one of the 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
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| inferior vena cava | large vein; carries blood from the lower extremities and pelvis to the heart
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| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be inhaled in 1 breath
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| interstitial space | space between cells
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| ischium | one of the bones that form the pelvic ring
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| joint (articulation) | where 2 bones come in contact
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| joint capsule | fibrous sac that encloses a joint
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| kidneys | 2 organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine- regulates the body's salt and water content
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| labored breathing | use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist when ventilation is impaired
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| lactic acid | by-product of broken down glucose- accumulates when anaerobic metabolism occurs
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| large intestine | encircles the abdomen around the small intestine; helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
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| lesser trochanter | projection on the medial, superior portion of femur
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| ligament | connects bone to bone, strengthens joint
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| liver | RUQ, immediately below diaphragm; produced bile, stores glucose, and produces substances that help immune response
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| lumbar spine | lower part of the spine, lowest 5
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| lymph | thin fluid that carries 02, nutrients, and hormones to cells and carries metabolic waste away
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| lymph nodes | tiny, oval shaped structures in places among the lymph vessels that filter lymph
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| manubrium | upper part of the sternum
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| maxillae | upper jawbones
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| medulla oblongata | in the spinal cord, conduction pathway; coordinates HR, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
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| metabolism (cellular respiration) | process that results in production of energy from nutrients within cells
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| midbrain | helping to regulate the level of consciousness
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| midsagittal plane | midline, divides body into equal left and right halves
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| minute volume | amount of air moved in and out the lungs per min
TV times RR
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| motor nerves | carry info from the CNS to the muscles
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| mucous membranes | lining of body cavities and passages that communicate with the environment outside the body
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| mucus | water secretion of the mucous membrane that lubricates the body openings
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| myocardium | heart muscle
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| nasopharynx | part of pharynx, above the roof of mouth, nose opening
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| norepinephrine | neurotransmitter (and drug) used to reverse the effects of shock; produces vasoconstriction (fight-or flight) through Alpha-stimulators
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| occiput | most posterior part of cranium
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| oncotic pressure | pressure of water to move typically int the capillary as a result of the presence of plasma proteins
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| orbit | eye socket
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| oropharynx | part of the pharynx that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus
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| ovaries | produces sex hormones and eggs
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| pancreas | lies below the liver and stomach; major source of digestive enzymes and insulin
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| parasympathetic nervous system | controls involuntary functions
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| parietal bone | bones that lie between the temporal and occipital region of cranium
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| pathophysiology | study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
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| perfusion | the circulation of oxygenated blood to organs that meets the cells current needs
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| peripheral nervous system | spinal nerves, cranial nerves (sensory, motor, or connecting)
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| peristalsis | wavelike contraction of smooth muscle- how some organs propel their contents
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| plasma | stick, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste to organs for excretion
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| pleura | membrane covering the lungs and lining the thorax, closes the pleural space
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| pleural space | potential space
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| pons | controls sleep, respiration, and the medullary respitory center
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| posterior tibial artery | behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
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| prostate gland | small gland surrounding the urethra where it emerges from the bladder; secrets sperm
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| pubic symphysis | where the two halves of the pelvic ring come together at a joint with minimal motion
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| pulmonary artery | leads from right ventricle to the lungs; carries 02 poor blood
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| pulmonary veins | 4 veins that return oxygenated blood to left atrium
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| pulse | wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle
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| radial artery | major artery in the forearm; on the wrist, on thumb side
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| rectum | lowest part of colon
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells; carry 02 to tissues
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| renal pelvis | collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it though the ureter into the bladder
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| residual volume | air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhale
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| respiration | inhaling and exhaling of air; psychological process that exchanges C02 from fresh air
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| respiratory compromise | inability of the body to move gas effectively
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| reticular activating system | in upper part of brain stem; Maintenace of consciousness (specifically level of arousal)
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| retroperitoneal | behind the abdominal cavity
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| sacroiliac joint | joint between the pelvis and vertebral column
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| sacrum | one of the three bones that makes up the pelvic ring; 5 fused sacral vertebrae
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| sagittal plane | imaginary line dividing the body into left and right parts
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| salivary glands | produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
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| sebaceous glands | produce oily substance called sebum that discharges along the shafts of hairs
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| sensory nerves | carry sensations for touch, taste, smell, temperature, and pain from the body to CNS
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| hypoperfusion | shock; state of inadequate 02 and nutrient delivery to the cells
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| shoulder girdle | upper extremities; clavicale, scapula and humerous
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| skeletal muscle | muscles thats attached to bones and usually 1 joint
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| small intestine | between the stomach and cecum
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| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle, automatic activities; bulk of the gastrointestinal tract
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| somatic nervous system | regulates activities that are voluntary
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| sphincters | muscles arranged in circles that can decrease the diameter of tubes; found in rectum, bladder, blood vessels
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| sphygmomanometer | device to measure BP
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| stratum corneal layer | outermost/dead layer of skin
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| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction
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| subcutaneous tissue | largely fat; lies directly under the dermis; insulator of the body
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| symphysis | type of join that has grown together to form a very stable connection
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| synovial fluid | fluid within a joint; used as lubricant
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| synovial membrane | lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid
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| systematic circulation | portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
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| systemic vascular resistance (SRV) | related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel; the resistance it must overcome
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| systole | the contraction of the ventricles
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| tendons | attaches muscles to bone
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| testicles | produces hormones and sperm
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| thyroid cartilage | forms the upper part of the larynx; adams apple
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| tidal volume | amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500mL for and adult
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| topographic anatomy | superficial landmarks of the body that guide the location of whats beneath
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| trachea | windpipe; passes air to and from the lungs
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| transverse (axial) plane | imaginary line where the body divided into top and bottom
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| tunica media | middle, thickest layer of blood vessel; allow expansion of constriction
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| ureter | small tub that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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| urethra | conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
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| vagina | tube that connects the uterus with the vulva; birth canal
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| vasa differentia | spermatic duct of the testicles
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| ventilation | movement of air
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| V/Q ratio | measurement that examines how much gas is moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where perfusion occurs
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| leukocytes | white blood cells; body's immune defense mechanism
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| zygomas | cheek bones
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