dairy cattle mgmt, shipping and processing
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| show | ∙ dairy farmer who produces the milk
∙ processor providing the dairy products
∙ retailers bringing product to consumer
∙ these may be vertically integrated
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| show | ∙ the science and business of the production, processing, and marketing of milk and milk products
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| show | ∙ 226 billion lbs. total milk produced
∙ 9.4 million head of dairy cattle
∙ ~27,932 dairy herds
∙ 337 cows/herd on average
∙ ~24,067 lbs milk/cow/year
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| show | ∙ 112,000 lbs. total milk produced - 41st in the US
∙ 8,000 head of dairy cattle
∙ 70 dairy herds
∙ 133 cows/herd on average
∙ 13,400 lbs/cow/year - 47th in the US
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| top 5 states for dairy total production | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ supply and demand:
∙ cows decrease when production/cow outpaces demand -> cull cows sold to beef sector
∙ cows increase when demand outpaces production/cow -> heifer growers supply replacement heifers
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| factors influencing production per cow | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ female cow that hasn't calved
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| bull | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ castrated male
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| freemartin heifer | show 🗑
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| cow | show 🗑
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| calf/bull calf | show 🗑
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| dry cow | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ 305 day period of production
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| fresh cow | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ fermented forage crop that is stored in a silo
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| TMR | show 🗑
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| bulk tank | show 🗑
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| DIM | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ period when cow is not lactating
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| mastitis | show 🗑
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| SCC | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ ayrshire
∙ brown swiss
∙ guernsey
∙ holstein
∙ jersey
∙ milking shorthorn
∙ red and white (holstein)
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| show | ∙ breeds selected for milk production
∙ American angularity (type): single purpose vs dual purpose (genetic selection for dairy traits)
∙ large body weight, large body capacity, success story (DHIA, AI, progeny test, genomics)
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| ayrshire breed charactericstics | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ Swiss Alps
∙ range from grey, dark brown, tan, nearly white in color
∙ large cows 1300-1500lbs but docile, more heat tolerant
∙ 21k lbs milk, 840lbs fat, 735lbs protein
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| show | ∙ Channel Island - Isle of Guernsey
∙ crossed from French breeds, medium cows
∙ good grazers and temperament, less carotene to vit.A -> gold milk
∙ 15k lbs milk, 675lbs fat (high), 525lbs protein (high)
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| show | ∙ from Batavian and Friesian cattle in the Netherlands
∙ black and white
∙ large, efficient cows 1500lbs and 58in tall
∙ 25.5k lbs milk, 946lbs fat, 790lbs protein in 365d
∙ World's Dairy Breed Assn. - Holstein Assn. USA
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| show | ∙ Channel Island - Island of Jersey, crossed from french breeds
∙ small cows that may be red, white, cream, dark brown, black, or a mix
∙ more heat tolerant, good grazers and temperament
∙ 18k lbs milk, 868lbs fat (high), 549lbs protein (high)
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| show | ∙ NE England - among oldest recognized breeds
∙ medium cows, red or white, red and white, roan
∙ versatile (triple purpose), docile
∙ recent improvements in dairy type and udder
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| show | ∙ nutrition, calving, calf/heifer, reproductive, milking/mastitis, cow, and records management
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| a dairy cow's day looks like: | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ repro: progeny testing for superior sires, estrus/ov. sync
∙ herd health: disease control, vaccines, dry cow mgmt, mastitis prevention/control
∙ nutrition: efficiency, protein/forage quality, TMR, byproducts
∙ automated equipment: milking, feeding
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| improvement of milking rates with automated equipment | show 🗑
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| management practices that are essential to dairy operations | show 🗑
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| signs of calving | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ freshening
∙ occurs 24hrs-3 weeks prior to birth
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| show | ∙ dilation of the birth canal - lasts 2-6hrs
∙ calf rotates to upright position
∙ uterine contractions begin to expel water sac
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| stage two of parturition | show 🗑
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| stage three of parturition | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ certify calf is breathing and clear membranes from mouth and nostrils
∙ dip navel in 7% iodine and check for umbilical hernia
∙ ascertain calf nurses colostrum or milk and feed colostrum
∙ separate calf from cow and identify the calf
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| show | ∙ quality (composition): nutrients and antibodies
∙ quickness (timing): ASAP after birth
∙ quantity (volume): 2-4 quarts, depends on quality
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| show | ∙ calf's immune system is immature at birth and incapable of producing antibodies - calf dependent on passive transfer of maternal antibodies thru colostrum
∙ for passive immunity, those antibodies must be absorbed by 24hrs after birth
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| colostrometer | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ calf will consume 8-10% in first 2hrs after birth: 3-4qts, then another feeding 6-8hrs later
∙ large volume of colostrum will not overcome low Ig concentration or high bacterial levels
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| show | ∙ work with the calf to try to get it to suckle
∙ if not, use an esophageal feeder or stomach tube
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| feeding calves | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ plastic/metal ear tag
∙ neck chain, ankle band, brisket tag
∙ picture/sketches, nose printing
∙ tattoo (ear/udder), branding
∙ temporary strings/sprays to ID treatment, sale, heat, etc
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| dehorning | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ infectious: bacterial, viral, protozoan
∙ nutritional: poor quality colostrum, overfeeding or irregular feeding, stress/environmental
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| show | ∙ hutches: good ventilation, easy to clean, place 2ft apart on well-draining surface
∙ individual stalls: good ventilation, hard to clean
∙ group pens: may work, attention to sanitation is vital
∙ older calves: group housing with small pasture access
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| major areas of importance in dairy production | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ 1 to 5 with .25 increments: 1 point = 100-140lbs gain in body weight
∙ examine tailhead, hooks and pins, slope of thurl, short ribs, tailhead and sacral ligaments
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| lactating cows | show 🗑
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| phase feeding program for lactating cows | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ pasture based: cows graze grass and fed concentrates in trough or milk parlor, hay offered in feeder or feed bunk
∙ total mixed ration: all ingredients (forages, concentrates) mixed together in feed trough or feed bunk
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| dairy cow reproduction | show 🗑
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| causes of infertility in dairy cattle | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ sight of calf, sound of milking machine, udder is touched -> oxytocin released from pituitary for milk letdown
∙ 30-90sec for effects of oxytocin to take place then cow under influence for 5-6min
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| show | ∙ provide stress-free environment
∙ wash and dry teats if needed
∙ check and discard fore-milk (early mastitis signs)
∙ pre-dip and dry teats
∙ attach milking unit 1.5-2min after stimulation
∙ milk, shut off vaccuum and remove unit, re-dip teat
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| improved animal handling | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ block vision from distractions and sight of operator
∙ slow, steady handler movement
∙ use optimum pressure
∙ secure footing
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| trucking practices | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ elevate docks to truck/trailer height
∙ have multiple ramps if needed for capacity
∙ slope of ramps <20*
∙ cattle ramp single file and 30in wide, swine ramp divided down middle and 3ft wide
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| effects on meat quality/safety during transport | show 🗑
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| causes of non-ambulatory pigs | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ CO2 gas
∙ captive bolt mechanical
∙ gunshot mechanical
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| chilling meat after slaughter | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ caused by temp fluctuation, excessive growth promoting implants, genetics, rough handling, more likely in bulls
∙ avoid mixing strange cattle before slaughter, handle quietly without electric prods, unload promptly, don't leave in holds overnight
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| show | ∙ caused by genetics (PSS gene), rough handling, temp fluctuation, poor carcass chilling
∙ prevent with adequate hold space, cool down when hot, don't mix strange pigs or overfill pens, handle quietly without electric prods
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| show | ∙ % stunned on first attempt
∙ % sensible on bleeding rail
∙ % vocalizing during handling and stunning
∙ % prodded with electric prod
∙ handling of downed/non-ambulatory animals
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