animal behavior/welfare/restraint, mgmt of poultry/horse/swine/small ruminants
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| show | ∙ study of behavior of animals in their natural surroundings, specifically focusing on instinctive or innate behavior
∙ instinct (present at birth) vs. habituation (learned conditioning)
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| fields of animal behavior | show 🗑
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| ten systems of animal behavior | show 🗑
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| most common cannibalistic behaviors (maladaptive) | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ how an animal will react during handling - depends on genetics and environment
∙ fearfulness, previous experiences
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| training and habituating livestock to handling/restraint | show 🗑
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| when is an animal in a good state of welfare? | show 🗑
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| animal rights | show 🗑
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| five freedoms for all animals | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ psychological
∙ sensory diminishment
∙ confining alleys, chutes, barriers
∙ tools and physical force
∙ chemical sedation or immobilization (strongest)
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| show | ∙ broilers
∙ eggs
∙ turkeys
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| show | ∙ parent stock farm: broiler breeders produce fertile eggs
∙ hatchery: produce chicks
∙ broiler farm: raise birds to slaughter
∙ processing plant: process birds to final products
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| show | ∙ 99*F, 70% humidity, 19 days
∙ rotate 45* every 2hrs. to keep chick from sticking
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| brooding chicks | show 🗑
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| age of modern broiler | show 🗑
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| common dual-purpose chicken breeds | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ layers more active than broilers with stronger/more aggressive heirarchy
∙ dubbing around 7-10 days of age and trim beaks precisely
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| show | ∙ begins at 17 weeks of age after moving to laying house
∙ light and dark periods simulate summer to stimulate reproductive hormones -> egg laying
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| show | ∙ limestone and oyster shells for calcium - 94% of eggshell made of calcium carbonate
∙ pre-laying Ca:P is 2:1, during production it is 10:1
∙ birds need more calcium with higher production age
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| show | ∙ formulated on digestible amino acid requirements as with broilers
∙ pre-lay: decreased protein and energy requirement
∙ laying: increased protein and energy requirement
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| egg production goals | show 🗑
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| common layer breeds | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ around 70wk: egg production drops for laying rest, feed restricted and lights turned off
∙ 23% reduction of bird weight over 2wk then 2 more weeks to bring them back
∙ hens come back into production until around 90wk
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| factors in egg quality | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ blood spot: vessel severed when yolk released from ovary and retained in egg
∙ meat spot: part of ovarian tissue breaks off with yolk and is retained in egg
∙ yolk: double yolk in jumbo eggs, no yolk
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| show | ∙ sold for very low price, often to make dog food and other canned products - very little meat yield
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| equine TPR | show 🗑
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| swine industry trends | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ farrow-to-wean
∙ finishing
∙ farrow-to-finish
∙ purebred/seedstock
∙ integrated corporate production
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| show | ∙ consists of breeding herd
∙ produced early-weaned pigs at 10-15lbs or feeder pigs at 35-50lbs (mainly feeder pigs)
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| show | ∙ feeder pigs grown to market weight and size - ~280lbs at 6months old
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| show | ∙ breeding herd maintained
∙ pigs produced and finished for market at same farm
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| purebred/seedstock operations (pigs) | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ generally farrow-to-finish with seedstock too
∙ various phases generally located at different sites - sow facility, nursery facility, finishing facility
∙ caused several industry changes: more pigs owned by fewer people, specialization and contracting
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| show | ∙ breeding
∙ gestation
∙ farrowing
∙ nursery
∙ grower
∙ finishing
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| which pigs have erect ears? | show 🗑
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| show | ∙Yorkshire
∙ Landrace
∙ Chester White
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| show | ∙ Hampshire
∙ Duroc
∙ Berkshire
∙ Poland China
∙ Spot
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| pros and cons of swine confinement housing | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ clip needle teeth, treat umbilical, administer iron, dock tail, identify, treat splaylegged piglets, provide nutrients, castrate
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| show | ∙ birth date
∙ number born alive and dead, date and cause of death of piglet
∙ pedigree info
∙ # weaned and piglet/litter weight at weaning
∙ feed intake during lactation
∙ medications and withdrawal periods
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| show | ∙ start around 10d for piglets weaned 3wks old and later
∙ sow milk usually plateaus at 12-16d lactating without nutrients to sustain piglet growth
∙ use proper diet, supply water, keep feed fresh and easily accessible
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| show | ∙ less acreage required vs other livestock
∙ less investment
∙ reproductive efficiency
∙ grazing behavior - goats clean up brush
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| show | ∙ producers, lamb feeders, lamb processors, wool buyers/warehouses, shearers, other support industries
∙ usually either range or farm flock production
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| range production (sheep) | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ defined by size, found anywhere
∙ very diverse with differing production goals - profit may not be most important - purebred sheep, club lambs, high quality wool
∙ produce lambs for traditional meat market or for emerging ethnic market trade
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| show | ∙ feeder lambs fed high-energy diet
∙ enter at 60-110lbs, finish at 130-140lbs
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| show | ∙ wool has smallest fiber diameter - most valuable in market and make up 50% of world's sheep population
∙ adapted to hot, dry climates, hardy, long-lived, gregarious, less seasonal breeders
∙ Rambouillet, Merino
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| show | ∙ cross between fine and medium wool
∙ white faced
∙ raised for meat but have better wool quality than medium meat-type breeds
∙ Polypay, Columbia, Finnsheep
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| medium wool meat sheep | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ wool has largest fiber diameter, staple length, and yield - popular among hand spinners
∙ best adapted to areas with high rainfall and abundant forage
∙ Lincoln, Romney
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| hair sheep | show 🗑
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| minor sheep breeds | show 🗑
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| lamb vs. mutton | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ concentrated in Europe and Middle East
∙ higher solid content than goat or cow milk -> most processed into cheeses
∙ produce less milk than goats and much less than cattle -> milk much more expensive
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| show | ∙ harvested in spring - avg 7.2lbs/fleece
∙ grade: avg fiber diameter and length of individual fiber
∙ value: based on suitability for specific end uses
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| pre-breeding management for sheep | show 🗑
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| lambing | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ small pen for ewe and lambs shortly after lambing - at lease 4x4ft in size
∙ remain here for 12-24hrs to encourage bonding
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| shearing sheep | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ larger operations primarily in Texas and operate similar to fenced range production of sheep
∙ smaller operations more numerous in south and increasing in eastern ethnic population centers
∙ majority of harvesting from small facilities and farms
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| goat production systems | show 🗑
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| meat goat breeds | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ La Mancha
∙ Alpine
∙ Nubian
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| show | ∙ Angora
∙ Cashmere
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| miniature breeds | show 🗑
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| small ruminant reproduction | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ most common cause of anemia diagnosed with FAMACHA test (3 or better for no anemia) - Haemonchus contortus, barberpole worm
∙ deworm only when necessary for individual animal to avoid anthelmintic resistance
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| Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in small ruminants | show 🗑
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| show | ∙ kidding: dip navel, ID, weigh, colostrum
∙ castrate 1-4wks old, dehorn 3d-3wk old
∙ tail docking: don't cut too short - predisposes to rectal prolapse
∙ hoof trimming: trim so that sole is parallel to coronary band
∙ vaccination and deworming
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| show | ∙ all sheep and goats very vulnerable to predators - horns do not protect goats and predators are a significant threat to the operation
∙ guard dogs (Great Pyrenees), donkeys, electric fences, night confinement
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