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Organisation of the Body

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Answer
show Oxygen delivery CO2 removal Nutrient delivery Waste removal Delivery of hormones Regulate blood flow Specialised functions  
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Components of circulatory system   show
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show Vessels > 0.1 mm in diameter Arteries Veins  
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Microvasculature   show
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Pulmonary circuit   show
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show Distributes blood to and from all organs and tissues of the body  
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show Blood carried from one site to another without directly involving the heart Hepatic portal system - gastrointestinal to liver Hypothalamic pituitary portal system - hypothalamus to anterior pituitary  
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Arteries   show
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Capillaries   show
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show Drain capillary beds - venules From larger and larger vessels returning blood to heart Also have valves  
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show Endothelium Muscular tissue Elastic tissue Connective tissue  
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show Layers of vessel walls Tunica intime - endothelium Tunica media - muscle or elastic Tunica adventitia - connective tissue  
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show Innermost layer Composed if a single layer of flattened squamous epithelial cells and basal lamina Sub endothelial tissue Internal elastic lamina Acts as a principle barrier to plasma from exiting lumen  
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Tunica media   show
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show Outermost layer composed mainly of fibroelastic connective tissue arranged longitudinally with adipose tissue  
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show A thin band of elastic fibres in tunica intima Well developed in medium sized arteries With fenestrations that allow substances to diffuse between lumen and deeper regions of arterial walls to nourish these cells  
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show Another band of elastic fibres in outermost layer of tunica media Not distinguishable in all arteries  
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show Smooth surface - orientated along line of flow Regulates clotting and vascular tone and flow Secretes collagen, lamin, endothelin, NO and VWF Also posses bound enzymes ACE and ACE2 to control BP  
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show Genetic disease where VWF is not produced Problems with blood clotting VWF normally binds to factor VIII which gets degraded in absence  
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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme   show
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ACE2   show
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ACE inhibitors and ARBs   show
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ACE2 in Covid   show
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show Concentric cell layers of smooth muscle, elastic fibres, Type III collagen and proteoglycans Collagen provides restraint - absence leads to aneurysm and EDS type IV (mutation in COL3A1 gene) Larger arteries have larger external lamina  
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show Fibroblasts Type I collagen Elastic fibres Small blood vessels Adipose tissue  
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Vasa Vasorum   show
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Classification of arteries   show
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Elastic arteries   show
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Muscular arteries   show
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show A chronic disease with thickening, hardening, loss of elasticity and occlusion of arteries Impaired circulation and ischemia leading to heart attack and stroke Develops with age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and high LDL  
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Atherosclerosis affects large vessels   show
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Cholesterol   show
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show LDL transports cholesterol to cells and tissues HDL reduces, reuses and recycles LDL cholesterol by transporting it to the liver to be reprocessed High HDL correlated with better health outcomes Low HDL associated with atheromatous disease  
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Development of Atherosclerosis   show
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show Fatty material develops on walls Thickens, hardens and blocks arteries Platelet aggregation and clot formation Predisposes to narrowing, clot formation and weakness Calcification at the outer base  
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Coronary Heart Disease   show
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show When a blood vessel supplying brain becomes blocked Thrombosis - obstruction by locally forming clot Embolism - obstruction by an embolus formed elsewhere e.g. pulmonary embolism where pulmonary artery is blocked  
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Haemorrhagic stroke   show
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Results of ischemic stroke   show
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Treatment of Ischemic stroke   show
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show Putting thin tube into patients blood vessel in periphery and feeding it up to clot in brain A wire mesh is wrapped around the clot and it is pulled out Restores normal blood flow to brain if done in first 6 hours Costs around £12000  
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show A sac like dilation in the wall of a vessel Risk factors; atherosclerosis, hypertension, Marfan syndrome, EDS, Syphilis Vessel wall is damaged and ruptures easily Massive blood loss or death - Abdominal Aorta Anuerysm  
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show Results when tissue becomes necrotic due to reduced blood supply Caused by blood vessel disease precipitated by infection, diabetes, atherosclerosis, surgery Reduced blood supply leads to cell death Treatment - surgical debridement  
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General scheme if microvasculature   show
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Pericytes   show
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Angiogenesis   show
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Arterioles   show
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Pre-capillary sphincters   show
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show Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal  
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show 50 um length and 8-10 um diameter Squamous epithelium Pericytes along outside involved in regulation of blood flow After injury pericytes may differentiate into endothelial cells No smooth muscle or vasomotor activites  
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show Muscle, nervous and connective tissue where there is no protein passage Have junctional complexes - tight control of trans-endothelial transport Barriers e.g. blood brain barrier Prevent passage of molecules Substances moved by active transport  
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show Pores 60-80 nm in diameter Pancreas, intestine, kidney and endocrine glands where there is no need for protein passage Basement membrane in kidney specialised for filtration Pores bridged by diaphragms Permeable to small ions and other molecules  
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show Large fenestrae without diaphragms permit enhanced exchange between blood and tissue Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphoid organs and endocrine glands Immune system - allows leukocytes to pass between tissues Irregular channels - conform to structure  
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show Channels in vascular system which allow capillary beds to be bypassed Common in the skin for thermoregulation Common in gut to allow perfusion of liver when gut circulation is shut down during fight or flight  
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show Arterio-arterial e.g. circle of willis in brain Veno-venous e.g. portacaval Arterio-venous e.g. finger tips Serve as back up routes for blood but can be pathogenic e.g. fistula Can be induced surgically to bypass diseased vessel  
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Veins   show
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show Blood goes from capillary beds to postcapillary venules Walls similar to capillaries with thin endothelium surrounded by reticular fibres and pericytes Site of migration of neutrophils, macrophages especially in inflammation - diapedesis  
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Medium veins   show
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Large veins   show
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Varicose veins   show
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show Blood clots in veins most often occur in legs Caused by; damage to lining of vein, clotting conditions e.g. factor V mutation, immobility and post surgery Blood clot can break off and travel to lungs - pulmonary embolism Treated by anticoagulants  
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show Arteries and veins affected Though to be autoimmune inflammation of vessels Can be a main feature or an accompanying symptom Many symptoms Treatment with immunosuppressants  
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Blood vessel specialisations   show
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show Composed of tight junctions, astrocytes, pericytes and microglia Prevent paracellular and transcellular diffusion Dyes injected into the blood accumulate in organs but not the brain Astrocytes have end feet which form part of the barrier  
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Blood air barrier   show
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show Thin endothelium of capillary with fenestration Specialised basal lamina Podocytes - urinary capsule lining cells Thin endothelial cells for filtration Regulates filtration  
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