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Organisation of the Body

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show A change that disturbs or threatens to disturb homeostasis Physical - trauma, infection, intense heat or cold, starvation, surgery, severe blood loss, pain, dehydration Psychological - anxiety, depression  
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Arterial supply   show
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Venous drainage   show
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Adrenal gland capillaries   show
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show Medulla - neural crest cells Cortex - mesoderm Fetal adrenal cortex has two zones = Fetal zone which regresses after birth and definitive zone that forms the adult cortex Shows importance of adrenal in development  
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Adrenal medulla   show
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Stimulation of adrenal medulla   show
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Action of adrenaline   show
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show Tyrosine - L-dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase to Dopamine by dopa decarboxylase Transported into vesicle and forms noradrenaline by dopamine hydroxylase Transported out of vesicles to form adrenaline by phenyl N methyl transferase  
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show Preparation for emergency activity Increased adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla causes changes which increase circulation, increase the availability of energy substrates and decreases non-essential activities  
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show Increases lipolysis Increased glycogenolysis Increased skeletal muscle twitch Dilates arteries in muscle Constricts arteries elsewhere Constricts veins Increases rate and force of heart contraction Dilates bronchi  
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show Tumour arising from chromaffin cells Uncontrolled secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline symptoms - hypertension, tachycardia, hyperstimulation of CNS  
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Adrenal cortex   show
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Synthesis of steroid hormones   show
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Plasma transport of adrenal steroids   show
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Breakdown of steroids   show
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show Stress detected by hypothalamus - releases CRH Acts on pituitary which releases ACTH Acts on adrenal cortex which releases cortisol All controlled by a negative feedback system to prevent the system becoming harmful  
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Cortisol secretion in response to the stress of an operation   show
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Glucocorticoids   show
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Mechanism of steroid action   show
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show Inflammatory disorders Arthritis Asthma Eczema Inhibit transplant rejection Chemo Antenatal to mature the lungs in fetus threatening preterm labour  
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show Inflammation usually caused by prostaglandins Cortisol inhibits phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase to reduce synthesis of prostaglandins  
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show Pituitary tumour secreting ACTH-High ACTH and cortisol in Cushings disease Excess glucocorticoids for other reasons - cushings disease Adrenal cortex tumour excreting excess cortisol Ectopic secretion of ACTH by neoplasma e.g. small cell lung carcinoma  
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Side effects of glucocorticoids   show
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show Stress of undernourishment or poor oxygen results in low birth weight Highly correlated with hypertension, diabetes, lower life expectancy, mental health disorders Maladaptation to stress  
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Chronic stress in childhood   show
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show Continuing psychological stress is a major factor in mental health, obesity, CVD and T2 diabetes E.g. due to modern day work styles like shift work  
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Aldosterone   show
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show Decreased blood pressure detected by kidney Secretes renin Breaks down angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 Converted into angiotensin 2 in lungs Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Increases water reabsorption and decreased urine volume  
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show Sodium loss Low blood volume Low blood pressure  
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show Excess sodium retention Water retention Increased blood pressure  
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Spironolactone   show
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Adrenal androgens   show
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia   show
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Addisons disease   show
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