CogSci Exam #2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Fetchner (elements of psychophysics)
2. Wundt (principles of physiological psychology (physiologist)
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| Fetchner (1860): Elements of Psychophysics | show 🗑
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| show | light waves, frequencies, amplitude
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| chemical compositions | show 🗑
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| Psychological perceived properties | show 🗑
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| show | relating the physiology (functions of body) of the mind to the brain to behaviors
- Broad, but unified science
- By experimental method
- Psychology as a science bc came from roots of science
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| Psychology scientific? | show 🗑
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| Challenges of Psych | show 🗑
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| What causes behaviors? | show 🗑
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| Physical variables (of physical world) | show 🗑
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| Psychological variables | show 🗑
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| show | - The subjective world of personal/ psychological EXPERIENCES
- Non-scientific stuff (less observable) → ONLY be inferred from behaviors
- Behaviors + thoughts can be caused by factors outside conscious awareness
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| show | 1. Structuralism (Wundt)
2. Functionalism (James- 1890)
3. Gestalt (Wertheimer- 1912)
4. Psychodynamic Theory (Freud- 1915)
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| Structuralism (Wundt) | show 🗑
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| Structuralism factors | show 🗑
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| Study of Consciousness | show 🗑
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| show | looking inward/ inspect to examine something
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| Observed stimulus | show 🗑
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| Immediate experience | show 🗑
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| Mediated experience | show 🗑
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| Stimulus error | show 🗑
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| Functionalism (James) | show 🗑
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| 3 major themes (functionalism) | show 🗑
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| Functionalism factors | show 🗑
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| show | focused attention; stream slows down
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| Transitive thought | show 🗑
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| Gestalt Psychology (Wertheimer) | show 🗑
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| Gestalt Contributions | show 🗑
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| Perception | show 🗑
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| Gestalt Laws + Principles | show 🗑
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| show | perceptual inputs stimulate neural activity
Spontaneous grouping of parts into a perceptual whole
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| Emergence | show 🗑
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| Psychodynamic Theory (Freud) | show 🗑
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| show | pleasure principle
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| ego | show 🗑
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| superego | show 🗑
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| agency | show 🗑
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| show | Against the notion of the mind/ unconscious as drivers → poorly defined
Rejected introspection as a method → NOT scientific
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| Edward Thorndike & John B Watson | show 🗑
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| observable behavior | show 🗑
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| Pavlov (physiologist) | show 🗑
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| show | involuntary/ unlearned response → response to some stimulus
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| show | as learning to associate to stimuli that occur together in time
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| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | show 🗑
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| Unconditioned response (UR) | show 🗑
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| show | previous neutral stimulus
Repeatedly paired w/ unconditioned stimulus → leads to response
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| show | response to conditioned stimulus/ it is learned
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| Applications | show 🗑
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| show | Learning in which a behavior is effected by the consequences (rewards or punishments)
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| show | first to study these mechanisms
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| Skinner (operant conditioning) | show 🗑
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| Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | increase likelihood of response w/ presentation of an appetitive stimulus (reward-a positive reward)
EX: dishes for allowance or animal learn how to press a bar for food
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| show | increase likelihood of response by removing an adversive stimulus
EX: dishes (child doesn’t do dishes= spanking) → child does dishes and stops yelling/ spanking
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| show | process that will decrease the likelihood of a response
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| Positive punishment | show 🗑
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| show | removing/ taking away something that is desired or is wanted to stop a response
EX: taking away phone or timeout (take away freedom)
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| show | rewarding successive approximations (steps) → requires time (repeat actions) + patience
- includes superstitious behavior
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| Level 1: The Contingencies of Survival involved in Natural Selection (NS) | show 🗑
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| Level 2: The Contingencies of Reinforcement involved in the selection of individual behaviors | show 🗑
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| show | Social environment or culture sets requirements
individuals are controlled by same contingencies that benefit the group --> anthropology + sociology
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| Skinner’s (ambitious) attempt to explain human behavioral phenomena (behaviors) | show 🗑
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| show | increase in frequency
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| OC behaviors can replace behaviors of natural selection | show 🗑
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| show | EX: Eating OR Over eating (bad foods for comfort) + Mating → sexual assult
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| Innate “social” behaviors (of NS) also can be replaced by OC | show 🗑
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| Emergency of language | show 🗑
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| show | → traditions continue to benefit (maintained)
→ fear of change
nothing new → no variations or new variation started but didn’t get selected
Ergo, change occur → ONLY when new variations are selected
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| show | Through shaping (excessive)
EX: art, music, literature, science, etc
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| A special creator | show 🗑
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| show | due to reinforcement contingencies
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| Contingency | show 🗑
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| show | contingencies selected/ maintained
EX: species do not have eyes to see better; members undergoing variation able to see better/ selected by survival
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| Memory “storage” | show 🗑
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| Development stages | show 🗑
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| Good | show 🗑
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| show | → kin selection (self-sacrifice) for species survival
→ heroes/ martyrs for culture survival
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| Morals & Ethics (depend on level of selection) | show 🗑
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| No species adapt to the enviroment | show 🗑
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| Not an individual adjusts to a situation | show 🗑
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| show | instead the circumstances select the cultural practices which yield a solution
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| show | Change gene/ chromosomes → selective breeding; CRISPR
Introduce new forms of behaviors
Introduce new cultural practices or preserve/ revive traditional
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| Behaviorism (S-R Theory) Success | show 🗑
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| Failures of Behaviorism | show 🗑
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| show | Mental processes exist/ can be scientifically studied → processor of info
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| show | Interdisciplinary study of cognition in humans, animals, machines
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| Cog Psych (1967) | show 🗑
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| show | Neuroscience → study of the nervous system (interdisciplinary)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal → Noble Prize (1906)
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| show | neuron doctrine= neurons are independent units, nothing touches them/ they dont touch/ synaptic gap in between them
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| fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) | show 🗑
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| show | Examines cerebral blood flow/ sugar consumption in an area
- uses radioactive glucose that traces form of diseases
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| EEG (electroencephalogram) | show 🗑
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| TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) | show 🗑
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| Spatial | show 🗑
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| temporal | show 🗑
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| Pyramidal cells | show 🗑
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| Basket + Chandelier cells | show 🗑
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| Cajal-Retzius cells | show 🗑
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| Simple + Complex cells | show 🗑
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| show | in/ around hippocampus (memory)
- fire when in exact place
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| Grid cells | show 🗑
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| Time cells | show 🗑
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| show | Fire when taking action; observing same action
Empathy, mimicking, theory of mind
Motor cortex/ somatosensory cortex
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| show | 1. Still don’t understand the neurons themselves
2. Glial cells (brings nutrients)
3. Neural circuitry
4. Interactions of genes/ molecules
5. Problem of interpretation
6. NO THEORY
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Created by:
lils33
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