Psych chaps 9-11
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| show | Examines age-related physical, cognitive, & socioemotional changes across the lifespan
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| Physical development | show 🗑
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| Cognitive development | show 🗑
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| show | Social behavior, emotions, & changes experienced in relationships, feelings, & overall disposition
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| Biopsychosocial perspective | show 🗑
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| Cross-sectional method | show 🗑
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| Longitudinal method | show 🗑
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| Chromosomes | show 🗑
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| Zygote | show 🗑
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| show | female
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| XY indicates… | show 🗑
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| show | a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes
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| Monozygotic twins | show 🗑
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| Dizygotic twins | show 🗑
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| Genotype | show 🗑
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| Phenotype | show 🗑
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| show | An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo (ex: alcohol)
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| show | infant cognitive abilities are different from an adult's
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| show | first stage in Piaget's theory (0-2 years old); object permanence; babies use skills they were born with
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| show | second stage in Piaget's theory (2-7 years old); egocentrism; conservation error; children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play
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| show | third stage in Piaget's theory (7-11 years old); logical thinking in reference to concrete objects & circumstances
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| show | fourth stage in Piaget's theory (12 years and older); more logical and systematic thinking
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| Schema (Piaget) | show 🗑
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| show | Process for how we add info or experiences into our existing structures of knowledge or schemas
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| show | altering one's existing ideas (schemas) abt how the world operates in response to new info and experiences
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| Scaffolding | show 🗑
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| Zone of Proximal Development | show 🗑
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| Temperament | show 🗑
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| show | Refers to degree to which infants feel emotional connection w/ primary caregivers (assessed using the Strange Situation paradigm)
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| show | Proposed that human development is marked by eight psychological stages from infancy to old age
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| show | Birth up to 1 year. Positive: trusts and has faith in others; Negative: mistrusts and expects the worst of people
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| show | 1 to 3 years old. Positive: learns to be autonomous and independent; Negative: learns to feel shame and doubt when freedom to explore is restricted
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| show | 3 to 6 years old. Positive: becomes more responsible, shows the ability to follow though; Negative: develops guilts and anxiety when unable to handle responsibilities
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| show | First menstruation
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| Spermarche | show 🗑
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| Adolescent egocentrism | show 🗑
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| show | Involves adolescent identity formation and trying out new ideas. Positive resolution = stronger sense of values, beliefs, and goals; Negative resolution = role confusion
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| Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development | show 🗑
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| Preconventional moral reasoning | show 🗑
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| Conventional moral reasoning | show 🗑
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| show | Age range is adulthood. Right and wrong are determined by the individual's beliefs about morality, which may be inconsistent with society's rules rules and regulations
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| Critics of Kohlberg's Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Young adulthood. Positive: forming deep, meaningful relationships; Negative: failure results in isolation
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| Generativity vs stagnation | show 🗑
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| Integrity vs despair | show 🗑
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| Extrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| Intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| show | From bottom to top: physiological, safety, love & belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence (the sequence isn't necessarily set in stone)
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| show | Humans are both w 3 universal needs that drive them in the direction of optimal functioning: need for competence, relatedness, and autonomy
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| Murray | show 🗑
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| McClelland & colleagues | show 🗑
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| show | Stable weight that is maintained despite variability in exercise and food intake
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| Settling point for weight | show 🗑
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| Emotions | show 🗑
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| show | Long-term emotional states; less intense than emotions; lack distinct beginning and end
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| show | body changes lead to emotions
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| show | body changes & emotions happen together
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| show | our thoughts about our body changes lead to emotions
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| show | our thoughts about our situation lead to emotions
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| show | framework or guidelines for when. how, and where an emotion is expressed (influenced by culture; taught early in life)
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| Amydala | show 🗑
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| Sexuality | show 🗑
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| show | classification of someone as male, female, or intersex based on biological characteristics
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| Gender | show 🗑
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| Androgens | show 🗑
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| Testosterone | show 🗑
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| show | the female hormone secreted primarily by the ovaries & by the adrenal glands in both males & females
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| show | breast development
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| Intersexual | show 🗑
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| Differences of sex development | show 🗑
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| Gender Identity | show 🗑
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| Nonbinary | show 🗑
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| Gender roles | show 🗑
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| show | psychological or mental guidelines that dictate how to be masculine or feminine
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| Androgyny | show 🗑
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| show | people whose gender identity & expression do not typically match the gender assigned to them at birth (can be temporary or persistent)
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| show | individuals who seek or undergo a social transition to the other gender, & who may make changes to their body thru surgery & medical treatment
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| show | using medical treatments to transition
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| Masters & Johnson | show 🗑
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| show | sex ensures the survival of the species
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| kin altruism | show 🗑
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| Age at first marriage | show 🗑
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| show | 68% for women, 70% for men
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| Odds for 20-year marriage | show 🗑
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| show | significant disturbance in the ability to respond sexual or to gain pleasure from sex
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| show | cultural rules that tell us what activities are appropriate & do not interfere w/ healthy sexual activity
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| show | uncommon sexual acts (fetishism, exhibitionism, sexual masochism/sadism, voyeurism)
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| show | the period of time in which a man cannot achieve another orgasm following a previous one (women do not have this)
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