Lecture 9 & Sternberg 2 Reading
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| we form imaginal maps based on | show 🗑
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| show | the acquisition & use of knowledge about objects & interactions in 2-D & 3-D space
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| cognitive maps are | show 🗑
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| Tolman studied rats ability to learn a maze & showed that behavior is more than just stimulus-response associations | show 🗑
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| Tolman one of the earliest cognitive theorists argued for | show 🗑
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| show | sensitivity to global features of environment
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| show | landmark, route-road, & survey
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| landmark knowledge is | show 🗑
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| show | specific pathways for moving from 1 location to another & may be based on procedural & declarative knowledge
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| show | estimated distances between landmarks & may be represented imaginary or propositionally
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| people use both analogical & propositional code for | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive strategies or rules of thumb that influence our estimates of distance & may reflect our perception of space & forms
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| in landmark knowledge the densities of landmarks appears to | show 🗑
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| show | traveling to a landmark than a non-landmark
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| show | route-road knowledge more than survey knowledge
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| the use of heuristics in manipulating cognitive maps suggests that | show 🗑
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| Friedman & Brown where participants had to place cities on a map where the cities were clustered according to conceptual info found that | show 🗑
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| show | people tend to think of interactions as forming 90° angles more often that they do
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| symmetry heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | when figures/boundaries are slightly slanted people tend to distort them as being more vertical/horizontal than they are
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| show | people tend to represent landmarks/boundaries that are slightly out of alignment by distorting mental images to be better aligned than they are
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| relative-position heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | representational (imaginal/propositional) processes
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| semantic or propositional knowledge (or beliefs) can influence | show 🗑
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| propositional knowledge about semantic categories may affect | show 🗑
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| show | participants shown a map of many buildings & asked to estimate distances. they tended to distort distances by guessing shorter distances for more similar landmarks & longer distances for less similar landmarks
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| we are able to create cognitive maps from verbal description that are | show 🗑
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| show | mutually exclusive
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| show | they might be complementary
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| show | propositional code in long-term memory, generate a depictive code to see what the object looks like
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| show | visual info than non-visual info
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| show | results found that our memory for pictures seems to be significantly better that our memory for words
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| show | unimportant & unattended details
when stimuli lack meaning
when alternatives are similar
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| show | attention to details
meaningfulness & relevancy of details
distinctive alternative
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| show | more richer details does not help people remember visual info
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| show | natural to generate 2 diff codes for visual information but visual information people stick w/ 1. Having 2 codes provides 2 diff means of accessing that info & maybe thats why we access visual information better
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| in the dual code hypothesis concrete words can be coded | show 🗑
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| show | verbally but not non--verbally
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| show | we dont create verbal code for unattended features
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| in dual code hypothesis memory is bad when alternatives are similar because | show 🗑
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| Jonides & Baum experiment found that people are good at | show 🗑
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| heuristics are mental shortcuts that are | show 🗑
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