Lecture 13 & McClelland Reading
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| show | those that require a subject to produce/verify semantic info about an object, a depiction of an object, or a set of objects indicated verbally by a word
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| show | info that has not previously been associated with the particular stimulus object itself & which is not available more-or-less directly from perceptual input provided by the object/object description
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| show | a representation in memory corresponding to each of many concepts/categories & info about the concepts is either stored in the representations or is only accessible from it
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| show | access to relevant category representations
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| show | implicitly/explicitly at the base of theorizing about semantic knowledge & its use in semantic tasks
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| show | hierarchical structure, privilege categories, category prototypes
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| hierarchical structure.. | show 🗑
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| show | info that is accessed directly & not by means of spreading activation in the processing hierarchy
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| show | the means of computing similarity between individual instances & stored category representations
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| the 3 constructs used in categorization based theories offer | show 🗑
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| show | such that exemplars of one category must also be members of another & these class inclusion constraints can be described by a taxonomic hierarchy
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| show | the observation that category membership at each level entails a # of properties that are shared by the members of the more specific included categories
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| Quillian proposed a spreading activation mechanism that | show 🗑
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| show | violate the predictions of the taxonomic hierarchy model
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| show | pattern of deficits in cases of progressing fluent aphasia or semantic dementia
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| semantic dementia of fluent aphasia is | show 🗑
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| in semantic dementia what info is lost earlier in the progression of the disease? | show 🗑
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| studies by Cambridge group show that semantic dementia patients exhibit | show 🗑
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| the structure apparent in impair performance of semantic tasks reveals | show 🗑
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| show | the first to be activated during access & the first to be acquired in development
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| show | describe children's ontological distinctions
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| concepts on predictability trees occupy the same node if | show 🗑
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| the taxonomic structure is used to explain the | show 🗑
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| show | the feature weights for more specific categorizations but the hypothesis doesn't explain why a given feature is important for some categories & not others or how the relevant knowledge was acquired in the 1st place
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| illusory correlations are | show 🗑
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| studies show that people are not good at estimating | show 🗑
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| subjects persist in the belief that particular objects/properties have occurred together frequently even with | show 🗑
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| children in Massey & German's experiment are able to | show 🗑
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| show | basic level of categorization
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| subjects often perform best in semantic tasks requiring them to | show 🗑
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| show | fastest to verify membership
prefer to use the basic label in pic-naming tasks
fastest to discriminate objects at the basic level
show a larger effect of visual priming to basic level
children first learn to name objects w/ their basic-level name
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| show | the cognitive system exploits representations that correspond to into-rich bundles of co-occurring attributes in the environment
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| basic categories tend to have | show 🗑
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| Murphy & Lassaline describe basic categories as | show 🗑
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| show | their exemplars have little in common
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| show | they have few distinguishing characteristics
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| show | share many properties with each other& few with contrasting categories & are considered to be particularly useful
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| Rosch proposed that cognitive faculties develop to take advantage of the basic level structure by | show 🗑
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| show | shared/distinctive properties as these are known within a particular culture
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| show | typical members but not atypical
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| "basic level" concept representations constitute the | show 🗑
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| show | only its basic category representation
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| info stored at other levels of abstraction | show 🗑
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| privileged access theories introduce | show 🗑
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| basic-level phenomena are observed because | show 🗑
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| Jolicoeur et al. stipulated that entry-level categories don't need to | show 🗑
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| show | increasing expertise in a domain which suggests that such effects are in part constrained by experience
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| show | subordinate level in their domain & novices prefer to name at basic-level
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| experts in a given domain may derive somewhat different conceptions about how | show 🗑
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| the processes by which we construct semantic representations are sensitive to | show 🗑
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| show | primacy over the most general level
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| show | family resemblances
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| attributes have a tendency to | show 🗑
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| show | forming summary representations of categories that correspond to clusters of correlated attributes in the environment
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| show | graded (some objects are better examples of categories than others)
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| poor/atypical members of a category take longer to | show 🗑
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| show | a prototypical set of descriptors that are generally, but not necessarily, true of the category's exemplars
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| time taken to classify a given instances is inversely proportional to | show 🗑
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| show | natural categories are represented by summary descriptions that are abstracted through exposure to instances in the environment
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| novel instances are compared to stored summary descriptions & are assigned to | show 🗑
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| in prototypes theory the time taken to perform assignment depends upon | show 🗑
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| show | data from lexical acquisition
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| show | a small # of properties relative to adult category prototypes
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| category prototype representations may be used to explain | show 🗑
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| similarity-based models that attempt to do away with taxonomic processing structure will have difficulty explaining | show 🗑
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| show | the strong influence of typicality on semantic judgements
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| show | the theory-theory approach
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| basic tenet of theory-theory approach is that | show 🗑
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| it is difficult to characterize just what | show 🗑
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| show | explain/predict observed events in the environment & it serves this function with reference to stored knowledge about the casual properties of & relations between objects
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| in the TLC model a node inherits | show 🗑
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| the TLC model cannot account for | show 🗑
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| the original TLC model is hierarchical with all links the same length while the revised TLC model is | show 🗑
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| in the revised TLC model the length of the link corresponds to | show 🗑
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| show | walking up the links to inherit the properties
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| in the revised TLC model the properties are inherited by | show 🗑
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| being semantically primed means that | show 🗑
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