UNIT 4 Psych, Modules 21-23
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| Learning | The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
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| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together.
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| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response.
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| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
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| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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| Cognitive Learning | We learn things we have neither experienced, nor learned.
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| Classical Conditioning | We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain.
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| Behaviorism | A school of psychology that studies the behavior of humans and animals based on observable, measurable, and quantitative events.
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| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus which does not innately evoke a response.
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| Unconditioned Response | An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
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| Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that leads to an automatic response without prior learning.
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| Conditioned Response | A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that occurs after conditioning.
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| Conditioned Stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response.
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| Acquisition | Classical conditioning: creating the initial association.
Operant Conditioning: strengthening of a reinforced response or decreasing of a punished response
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| Extinction | When an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
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| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of as extinguished conditioned response.
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| Generalization | The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal to an unconditioned stimulus.
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| Operant conditioning | We learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results.
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| Reinforcement | gradual modification of synaptic properties that occurs during learning.
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| Positive Reinforcement | Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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| Negative Reinforcement | Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
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| Primary Reinforcer | Innately reinforcing stimuli such as those that satisfy a biological need.
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| Conditioned Reinforcer | Stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through their learned association with a primary reinforcer.
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| Reinforcement Schedule | Patterns that define how often a certain desired response will be reinforced.
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| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows. Behavior that is punished is less likely to occur again.
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