Structure & Function
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| Nerve cell, Neuron |
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| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses.
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| dendrite | A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body.
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| axon | Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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| myelin sheath | Fatty tissue that covers axons.
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| terminal end fibers | Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron.
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| synapse | Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another.
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| neurotransmitters | Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon.
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| excitability | Ability to respond to stimuli.
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| stimulus | Anything that arouses a response.
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| conductivity | Ability to transmit a signal.
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| efferent (motor) neuron | Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.
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| afferent (sensory) neuron: | Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
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| Interneuron | Neuron that carries and processes sensory information.
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| nerves | Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body.
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| acetylcholine | Chemical that stimulates cells.
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| noreplnerphrine | Hormone produced in response to stress.
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| nerve impulse | Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response.
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| receptors | Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone).
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| neurillema | membranous covering of myelin sheath
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| blood brain barrier | barrier that permits a few chemicals to reach brains neurons but blocks most
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| central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord.
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| brain | Body organ responsible for controlling the body’s functions and interactions with outside stimuli.
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| brain stem | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that controls certain heart, lung, and visual functions.
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| midbrain | Part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes.
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| pons | Part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions.
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| medulla oblongata | Part of the brainstem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
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| cerebellum | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement.
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| cerebrum | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretations, and certain bodily movement.
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| cerebral cortex | Outer portion of the cerebrum.
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| fissure | Deep slit in the skin; deep furrow or slit (as in bone); one of many indentations of the cerebrum; sulcus
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| convolutions | Folds in the cerebral cortex; gyri.
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| basil ganglia | Large masses of gray matter within the cerebrum.
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| frontal lobe | controls voluntary motor movements, emotions, behaviors
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| parietal lobe | controls and interprets sense and taste
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| temporal lobe | controls memory, equilibrium, emotion and hearing
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| occipital lobe | controls vision and form of expression
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| corpus callosum | Bridge of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
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| diencephalon | One of the four major structures of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain and contains the thalamus.
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| thalamus | serves as a sensory relay station.
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| hypothalamus | serves as a sensory relay station; gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones.
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| epithalamus, ventral thalamus | serves as a sensory relay station.
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| cranium | Bony structure that the brain sits in.
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| cerebral spinal fluid | Watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord
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| ventricle | 1. Either of the two lower chambers of the heart. 2. Cavity in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid.
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| spinal cord | extends down from the occipital bone (medulla oblongata) to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae
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| meninges | Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
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| dura mater | Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
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| arachnoid | Middle layer of meninges.
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| subdural space | Area between the dura mater and the pia mater across which the arachnoid runs.
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| pia mater | Innermost layer of meninges
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| epidural space | Area between the pia mater and the bones of the spinal cord.
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| olfactory (sensory) | sense of smell
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| optic (sensory) | sense of vision
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| oculomotor (motor) | involves movement of eyes, controlling both exterior and interior of parts of the eye
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| trochlear (motor) | muscles that move the eye
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| trigeminal (sensory and motor) | eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, gums, lips and mouth ,muscles
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| abducens (motor) | muscle conditioning
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| facial (sensory and motor) | taste, facial expressions, tear and salivary glands
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| vestibulocochlear (sensory) | equilibrium and hearing
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| glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor) | pharynx, tonsils, tongue, carotid artery, stimulates salivary glands
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| vagus (sensory and motor) | speech, swallowing, heart muscles and certain glands
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| accessory (cranial and spinal- motor) | muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back
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| hypoglossal (motor) | muscles that move the tongue
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| cervical (neck) | muscles of the back of the head, neck and in the diaphragm
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| brachial (lower neck, axila) | muscles of the skin of the neck, shoulders, arm and hand
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| lumbar (posterior ab wall) | abdominal skin and muscles
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| sacral (posterior pelvis wall) | muscles off the butt, thighs, feet, legs and voluntary sphincters
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| coccygeal (coccyx and surrounding area) | skin in coccyx region
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| cervical nerves | C1-C8
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| thoracic nerves | T1-T12
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| Lumbar nerves (cauda equina) | L1-L5
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| Sacral nerves | S1-S5
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| Coccygeal nerve | Co
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| parasympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is in a normal state.
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| sympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stress.
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| cranial nerves | Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain.
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| spinal nerves | Any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities.
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| somatic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that receives and processes sensory input from various parts of the body.
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| autonomic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and various membranes.
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