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Nervous system

Structure & Function

TermDefinition
Nerve cell, Neuron
cell body Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses.
dendrite A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body.
axon Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
myelin sheath Fatty tissue that covers axons.
terminal end fibers Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron.
synapse Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another.
neurotransmitters Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon.
excitability Ability to respond to stimuli.
stimulus Anything that arouses a response.
conductivity Ability to transmit a signal.
efferent (motor) neuron Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.
afferent (sensory) neuron: Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
Interneuron Neuron that carries and processes sensory information.
nerves Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body.
acetylcholine Chemical that stimulates cells.
noreplnerphrine Hormone produced in response to stress.
nerve impulse Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response.
receptors Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone).
neurillema membranous covering of myelin sheath
blood brain barrier barrier that permits a few chemicals to reach brains neurons but blocks most
central nervous system The brain and spinal cord.
brain Body organ responsible for controlling the body’s functions and interactions with outside stimuli.
brain stem One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that controls certain heart, lung, and visual functions.
midbrain Part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes.
pons Part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions.
medulla oblongata Part of the brainstem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
cerebellum One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement.
cerebrum One of the four major divisions of the brain; division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretations, and certain bodily movement.
cerebral cortex Outer portion of the cerebrum.
fissure Deep slit in the skin; deep furrow or slit (as in bone); one of many indentations of the cerebrum; sulcus
convolutions Folds in the cerebral cortex; gyri.
basil ganglia Large masses of gray matter within the cerebrum.
frontal lobe controls voluntary motor movements, emotions, behaviors
parietal lobe controls and interprets sense and taste
temporal lobe controls memory, equilibrium, emotion and hearing
occipital lobe controls vision and form of expression
corpus callosum Bridge of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
diencephalon One of the four major structures of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain and contains the thalamus.
thalamus serves as a sensory relay station.
hypothalamus serves as a sensory relay station; gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones.
epithalamus, ventral thalamus serves as a sensory relay station.
cranium Bony structure that the brain sits in.
cerebral spinal fluid Watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord
ventricle 1. Either of the two lower chambers of the heart. 2. Cavity in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid.
spinal cord extends down from the occipital bone (medulla oblongata) to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae
meninges Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
dura mater Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
arachnoid Middle layer of meninges.
subdural space Area between the dura mater and the pia mater across which the arachnoid runs.
pia mater Innermost layer of meninges
epidural space Area between the pia mater and the bones of the spinal cord.
olfactory (sensory) sense of smell
optic (sensory) sense of vision
oculomotor (motor) involves movement of eyes, controlling both exterior and interior of parts of the eye
trochlear (motor) muscles that move the eye
trigeminal (sensory and motor) eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, gums, lips and mouth ,muscles
abducens (motor) muscle conditioning
facial (sensory and motor) taste, facial expressions, tear and salivary glands
vestibulocochlear (sensory) equilibrium and hearing
glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor) pharynx, tonsils, tongue, carotid artery, stimulates salivary glands
vagus (sensory and motor) speech, swallowing, heart muscles and certain glands
accessory (cranial and spinal- motor) muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back
hypoglossal (motor) muscles that move the tongue
cervical (neck) muscles of the back of the head, neck and in the diaphragm
brachial (lower neck, axila) muscles of the skin of the neck, shoulders, arm and hand
lumbar (posterior ab wall) abdominal skin and muscles
sacral (posterior pelvis wall) muscles off the butt, thighs, feet, legs and voluntary sphincters
coccygeal (coccyx and surrounding area) skin in coccyx region
cervical nerves C1-C8
thoracic nerves T1-T12
Lumbar nerves (cauda equina) L1-L5
Sacral nerves S1-S5
Coccygeal nerve Co
parasympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is in a normal state.
sympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stress.
cranial nerves Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain.
spinal nerves Any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities.
somatic nervous system Part of the peripheral nervous system that receives and processes sensory input from various parts of the body.
autonomic nervous system Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and various membranes.
Created by: SViner
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