endocrinology: intro, vertebrate endo system, gen mechanism of hormones
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| show | • understanding development: fertilization -> cell proliferation -> differentiation
• integrates developmental events, physiological processes, and specialized secreted chemicals
🗑
|
||||
| why is endocrinology important to animal sciences? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • the nervous system
• ex. milk letdown: sight of calf, sound of milking machines, or stimulation of udder causes milk to be released into duct system
🗑
|
||||
| Berthold's 1849 experiment | show 🗑
|
||||
| Von Mering and Minkowski's 1889 experiment | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • first experiment demonstrating existence of a 'hormone' - Starling coined this term in 1905
• acid ingesta leaves stomach -> secretin released by duodenal mucosa -> secretin travels to pancreas and stimulates discharge of pancreatic juices
🗑
|
||||
| two types of gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| major functions of hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • term coined by Claude Bernard after his investigations
• organisms maintain a constant internal environment to be more independent of the outside world and preserve the conditions of life
🗑
|
||||
| neuroendocrine integration and homeostasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • hormone causes production of another hormone to decrease
• ex. thyroid hormones slow down production as levels increase
🗑
|
||||
| positive feedback systems | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • gonadal hormones -> reproductive behavior; affects success of courtship, mating, maternal behaviors, libido
• fetal hormones: presence or absence of testosterone/estrogen, early exposure to stress hormones can program behavior
🗑
|
||||
| essential structure of the endocrine system | show 🗑
|
||||
| endocrine gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • region in the middle of the base of the brain, encapsulates the ventral portion of the third ventricle
• controls immense number of bodily functions
🗑
|
||||
| show | • major endocrine organ located immediately below the hypothalamus and brain
• produces large number of protein and peptide hormones - often called the 'master gland'
🗑
|
||||
| relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ neurotransmitters: chemicals released by neurons -> synapse -> effector cells (short distance), may function as hormones
∙ neurosecretions: hormones produced and released by neurons (ex. oxytocin, vasopressin - long distance action)
∙ overlaps
🗑
|
||||
| four structural groups of hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| peptide and protein hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| steroid hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| amino acid derivative hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ unique fatty acids with hormone-like properties: prostaglandins
∙ related chemicals that may have physiological roles: thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes
🗑
|
||||
| endocrine hormone delivery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ diffuses from cell to target cell thru extracellular space
🗑
|
||||
| autocrine hormone delivery | show 🗑
|
||||
| neurocrine hormone delivery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ nerve releases hormone into the bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| lumonal hormone delivery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ steroid hormones
∙ thyroid hormones (catecholamines)
∙ some protein hormones
🗑
|
||||
| carrier/binding proteins | show 🗑
|
||||
| general hormone action | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ while most hormones circulate thru the blood and come into contact with all cells, a hormone will only affect a limited number of cells - target cells
∙ a hormone's target cell has receptors for that hormone
🗑
|
||||
| receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ agonists: bind the receptor and induce all post-receptor events that lead to a biologic effect
∙ antagonists: bind the receptor and block binding of the agonist, NOT inducing intracellular signaling events
🗑
|
||||
| cell surface receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ in the cytoplasm or nucleus
∙ binds steroid and thyroid hormones
∙ affects transcriptional activity of responsive genes
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ seven helix transmembrane: crosses membrane seven times (GnRH receptor)
∙ tetraheterodimer: made of four parts, two cross membrane (insulin receptor)
∙ single transmembrane: crosses membrane once (EGF)
🗑
|
||||
| cell receptor domains | show 🗑
|
||||
| second messengers of hormone action | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ cyclic nucleotides: cAMP and cGMP
∙ protein kinases may be affected by second messengers or extracellular signals; affects overall signal cascade
∙ phospholipid derivatives and Ca: diacyl glycerol (DG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), arachidonic acid
🗑
|
||||
| signal transduction | show 🗑
|
||||
| cyclic nucleotides and hormone action | show 🗑
|
||||
| metabolism of cyclic nucleotides | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ regulatory proteins in signal transduction of several systems like cyclic nucleotide second messenger systems
🗑
|
||||
| G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ activation of ion channels
∙ activation of phospholipases C or A2
∙ activation of phosphodiesterase
🗑
|
||||
| protein kinases and the second messenger system | show 🗑
|
||||
| multiple membrane receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| G proteins and IP3 and DG formation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ IP3 increases intracellular Ca+ ion from endoplasmic reticulum
∙ DG activates protein kinase c, which can increase Ca+ ion into cell from extracellular space
∙ increased Ca+ -> cellular processes like muscle contraction
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ phosphoinositide cascade/Ca+ ion used in:
∙ glycogenolysis in liver
∙ insulin secretion from pancreas
∙ epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from adrenal gland
∙ smooth muscle contraction
∙ TRH, GnRH
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ derived from arachidonic acid released by phospholipids within the plasma membrane
∙ hormones/other stimuli may activate phospholipase activity and liberate arachidonic acid for eicosanoid synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| arachidonic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| eicosanoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ eicosanoids - major role in vascular smooth muscle, inflammation, blood flow to organs, transport across membranes
∙ prostacyclins - inhibitor of blood platelet aggregation, vasodilator, produced by blood pressure wall
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ eicosanoid - product of platelets, causes aggregation, constriction of vascular and bronchiolar smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ lipid-soluble hormone diffuses thru plasma membrane and binds with receptor in cytoplasm
∙ receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and triggers gene transcription
∙ transcribed mRNA -> proteins -> altered cell activity
🗑
|
||||
| structure of intracellular receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| three domains of an intracellular receptor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ when hormone binds to receptor: receptor activates (changes conformation) and becomes able to bind DNA
∙ activated receptor binds to specific DNA sequence in promotor of hormone-responsive gene
∙ transcription of specified genes affected
🗑
|
||||
| permissive action of hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ physiological response to combo of two hormones is greater than the response to either hormone alone (not permissive)
🗑
|
||||
| receptor regulation | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones regulate receptor numbers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ degraded in blood by enzymes or in organs like liver
∙ steroid/thyroid hormones, RNA, and proteins degraded in cytoplasm
∙ hormone-receptor complexes cluster at sites on membrane -> endocytosis -> degraded by lysosomal or other enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| show | ∙ syndromes of deficiencies: increased sensitivity to missing hormone, correlated with increased concentrations of receptors
∙ exposing cells to elevated levels: may decrease target tissue receptors, receptor modulation may be important adaptation
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
junoreg
Popular Agriculture sets