Stage 1 Biology S2
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| non infectious diseases | a disease that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another
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| causes for non infectious diseases | carcinogens, radiation, faulty genes, organ and tissue degeneration, sensitivity to the environment
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| pathogens | disease causing agents
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| toxins | chemicals that disrupt normal cell functions
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| physical barriers | respiratory surfaces, wounds digestive system, reproductive organs
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| vector | a carrier of a disease causing agent
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| vector example | mosquitoes, fleas, bats, flies
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| producing toxins | an adaptation used by many microbes
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| altering host organism behaviour | aiding in the spread of disease by making hosts cough, sneeze or have diarrhea
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| superbugs | new strains of bacteria that are resistant to all known antibiotics
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| infectious disease | a disease that is transmitted from one organism to another
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| bacteria | unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fission
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| bacteria examples | lyme disease, tuberculosis, leprosy, salmonella
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| fungi | heterotrophs that grow by feeding on organic matter and reproduce by forming spores
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| fungi examples | athletes foot and ringworm
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| pathogenic protists | heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their host
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| pathogenic protsists examples | malaria and giardia
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| virus | requires another organisms cells to reproduce by injecting its own DNA and replicating it inside the cell
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| virus examples | COVID, HIV and influenza
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| parasites | live inside hosts, feeding on its hosts food in the intestines.
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| parasite examples | tape worm, hookworm, lice, fleas
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| prions | infectious agents that convert normal proteins into abnormally chaped proteins, causing infectious brain leisions
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| prion example | Mad cow disease
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| disease transmission | droplets, direct contact, faeces, contaminated foods, animals, body fluids
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| first line of defence | physical barriers and traps that resist and prevent entry of pathogens
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| second line of defence | non specific actions and responses
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| third line of defence | adaptive immune response
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| skin | provides a barrier, repels water, platets form scabs
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| coughing and sneezing reflexis | brought about by either mechanical or chemical stimuli
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| mechanical protection | blinking, the cornea, tears all making it harder for pathogens to enter
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| chemical protection | the cells in the eye secrete a range of chemicals that possess antimicrobial properties
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| earwax | a mixture of a range of chemicals that are antimicrobial
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| mucus | a slippery secretion found on the surface of many body organs and systems
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| stomach acid | The cells lining the stomach secrete acid giving the stomach environment a very low pH
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| non self molecules | foreign molecules
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| self molecules | the bodys own molecules
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| phagocytes | white blood cells recognise and bind to the surface of bacteria and engulf and destroy them
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| 2 types of phagocytes | neutrophils and macrophages
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| natural killer cells | provides protection against cells infected with virus particles or changed by cancer
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| the complement system | a group of around 30 proteins that are secreted by a range of cells in the body
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| interferons | chemicals that can be secreted by cells that limit the spread and multiplication of viruses
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| the inflammatory response | swelling, redness, pain, and heat at wound sites, triggered by physical injury or pathogen entry
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| plant physcial barriers | waxy cuticles, bark, hair like sturctures
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| the lymphatic system | a network of vessels, nodes, and ducts that collect and circulate excess fluid in the body
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| Major Histo-compatability Complex | a set of protein markers found on the surface of cells
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| lymphocytes | types of white blood cells called B and T cells
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| B cell location | white blood cells that are made and mature in the bone marrow
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| T cell location | mature in the thymus gland
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| macrophages | release chemicals, cytokines, that alert other cells to the presence of pathogens
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| B cell function | white blood cells that release a specific antibody which is a protein molecule that can bind to one specific antigen and neutralise it
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| plasma cells | release antibodies
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| memory cells | remain behind in the case of a second exposure to the anitgen or pathogen
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| T cell function | bind to antigen fragments and T cell receptors on the cell membrane
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| types of T cells | killer, helper and memory T cells
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| killer T cells | identify infected cells and secrete chemicals that destroy them
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| helper T cells | become activated and increase in number (clone) the types of T cells that respond to the specific antigen type
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| memory T cells | this memory bank of cells is partly responsible for the quicker and larger response when an individual is exposed to the antigen for a second time
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| natural passive immunity | maternal antibodies through the placenta and breastmilk
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| phagocytes vs lymphocytes | phagocytes are the body's first line of defense, lymphocytes are more specialized in the immune response
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| artificial passive immunity | an infusion of antibodies
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| natural active immunity | antigens from the exposure to a pathogen
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| artificial active immunity | antigens from vaccination
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| cytotoxic T cell | another name for killer T cells
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| pandemic | a worldwide spread of a pathogen
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| epidemic | a spread of a pathogen in a certain region over a certain period of time
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