Unit 0 Psych Vocab
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| Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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| Behaviorism | view that psychology (1) should be an objective science and that (2) it studies the behavior without reference to mental processes. Most researchers agree with one and not two.
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| Bimodal Distribution | When there are two clearly separate groups in a distribution.
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| Biopsychosocial Approach | Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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| Case Study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
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| Central Tendency | Summary measure that attempts to describe a set of data with a single value representing the middle.
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| Clinical Psychology | branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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| Cognitivism | theoretical framework where humans learn from thinking and processes of the mind.
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| Confidentiality | the state of keeping secret/private
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| Confirmation Bias | tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignores contradictory evidence.
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| Confounding Variable | factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
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| Control Group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment and serves as a baseline
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| Convenience Sampling | non-probability sampling where subjects are chosen due to ease of access.
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| Correlation Coefficient | statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)
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| Correlational Study | type of research design that looks at relationships between two or more variables
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| Counseling Psychology | Focuses on assisting people in living (school, work, marriage, etc.) and in greater well-being.
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| Critical Thinking | Does not blindly accept but examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted through generations.
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| Debriefing | post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants.
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| Deception | when researchers lie or intentionally mislead subjects about a key aspect of research.
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| Dependent Variable | outcome factor; may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable.
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| Descriptive Statistics | organize/summarize a dataset; mean, median, mode, variance, etc.
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| Determinism | free will is an illusion; behavior determined by pre-existing conditions/causes
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| Developmental Psychology | branch that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout lifespan.
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| Double Blind | neither the researchers nor the subjects know whether a participant is getting the treatment or a placebo.
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| Eclectic | Approach to psychotherapy which uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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| Educational Psychology | study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
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| Effect Size | tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is, how large an impact a trait has on outcome
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| Empiricism | view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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| Ethics | moral rules that must be followed
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| Evolutionary Psychology | study of roots of behavior and mental processes using principles of natural selection.
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| Experimental Group | group exposed to the treatment, to one version of the independent variable.
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| Experimental Psychology | study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
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| Experimentation | series of observations under controlled conditions to study a relationship to draw causal inferences.
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| Experimenter Bias | unintentional influence of researcher's expectations, beliefs, or ideas on the outcome of a study or research experiment.
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| Falsifiable | logical possibility that an assertion, hypothesis, or theory can be shown to be false by an observation or experiment.
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| Functionalism | school of psychology focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function.
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| Hindsight Bias | tendency to believe, after the fact, that an outcome could be predicted
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| Histogram | graph of continuous data using bars of different heights.
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| Human Factors | branch of psychology that explores how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use (their relationship with humans)
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| Humanistic | humans are unique beings and should be treated as such; stress free will. self efficacy; and self-actualization.
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| Hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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| Illusory Correlation | perception of a relationship where none exists.
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| Independent Variable | experimental factor that's manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied.
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| Industrial-Organizational Psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces.
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| Inferential Statistics | ways of analyzing data that allow the researcher to make conclusions about whether a hypothesis was supported by the result.
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| Informed Consent | ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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| Institutional Review | federally-mandated, locally administered groups that evaluate risks and benefits of human participant research.
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| Introspection | the examination of one's conscious thoughts and feelings.
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| Likert Scales | rating scale that quantitatively assesses opinions, attitudes, or behaviors (questionnaire).
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| Mean | arithmetic average of a distribution
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| Median | meddle score of a distribution
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| Meta Analysis | procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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| Mode | Most frequently occurring score in a distribution
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| Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate/control the situation
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| Negative Skewed Distribution | data with long left tail
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| Neuroscientific (Biological) | branch of psychology that deals with how biological and chemical processes make the brain and nervous system function and how brain structures and neural circuits impact a patient
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| Nondeterminism | other things that are not outside factors affect human behavior; free will exists.
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| Normal Curve | Normal distribution with symmetry at the measure of center
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| Null Hypothesis | hypothesis where no relationship exists
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| Operational Definition | specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct.
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| Overconfidence | type of cognitive bias where people think they are better at something than they actually are.
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| Percentile Rank | percent of scores that are less than or equal to a specific score.
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| Peer Review | evaluation of work by others in the same field.
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| Personality Psychology | examines personality and its variation; aims to show why we're different due to psychological forces.
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| Placebo | substance/treatment with no effect to test efficacy of a treatment
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| Population | the items being studied; what does your sample represent?
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| Positive Skewed Distribution | a data with a long right tail
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| Psychiatry | medicine devoted to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental illness.
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| Psychoanalytic | theories and treatments/techniques for treating mental disorders that deal with the UNCONCIOUS MIND based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past.
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| Psychology | The study of the human mind and its functions with a focus on behavior.
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| Psychometrics | study within psychology; theory and techniques of measurement for mental capacities and processes.
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| Qualitative Research | gather non-numerical data (attitudes/beliefs/motivations)
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| Quantitative Research | gather numerical data and analyze it with statistical methods.
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| Random Assignment | every participant has an equal chance of being experimental or control group
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| Random Sample | Every subject of a population has an equal chance of being selected (helps ensure data is representative of the population)
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| Range | area of variation between upper and lower data points
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| Regression Towards the Mean | following a random extreme event, the following is likely to be less extreme, outliers in data become more moderate upon retesting
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| Replicate | repetition of an experiment or trial for better results
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| Research Confederates | person who acts as a participant in an experiment but is actually working for the researchers
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| Sampling Bias | Samples selected do not accurately represent the population for non random reasons
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| Self-Report Bias | when subjects lie on a questionnaire (to make good impression or because they are unsure)
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| Scatter Plot | graph that plots data as points on x and y axis
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| Single Blind | Test/experiment where info that might lead to bias/treatment is concealed from either the researcher or the subject
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| Social-Cultural Psychology | studies how culture and society influence how people think, behave, and interact with each other
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| Social Desirability Bias | Form of response bias where respondents answer in a way that will make them look better to others
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| Social Psychology | study of your mind and behavior in social situations; look at personality, relationships, and group behavior.
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| Standard Deviation | measure of amount of deviation from the mean
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| Statistical Significance | expression of how rare your results are based on an assumption of the null; smaller=more rare
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| Structuralism | first school of psychology; focused on breaking down the structure of the brain/breaking down processes into simple components
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| Structured Interviews | quantitative research method where interviewer has a set of predetermined close-ended questions
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| Survey | asking participants questions to collect info on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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| Theory | research-based set of ideas to summarize and explain mental and behavioral patterns in context of culture and society
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| Validity | test measures exactly what it aims to, with accurate data that represents some generalizable truth
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| Variation | existence of qualitative differences in form, structure, behavior, and physiology among a population
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