Patho - Unit 4 Terms
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| show | The capacity of a microbe to cause disease
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| Virulence | show 🗑
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| show | Invasive qualities, e.g., motility or enzymes
Toxins
Adherence to tissue by pili, fimbriae, specific receptor sites
Ability to avoid host defenses
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| show | Anti-genetically different forms of common infections such as influenza
Spread beyond normal endemic areas
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| “Super infections” | show 🗑
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| Standard Precautions | show 🗑
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| Specific Precautions | show 🗑
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| BREAKING THE CHAIN what could prevent transmission through direct contact | show 🗑
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| BREAKING THE CHAIN what could prevent transmission through indirect contact | show 🗑
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| show | current immunizations
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| show | limiting numbers, barriers
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| show | Locate/remove/isolate the reservoir.
Identify/restrict access to contaminated items.
Reduce contact between infected persons.
Block portals of exit and entry.
Remove or block modes of transmission.
Reduce host susceptibility by immunizations.
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| show | Time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease
Vary considerable with different organisms
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| Prodromal period | show 🗑
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| Ways to sterilize equipment | show 🗑
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| show | used on the skin and tissues to clean.
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| Disinfectants are - | show 🗑
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| Acute Infection | show 🗑
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| show | Infection is not totally eradicated.
Organism continues to reproduce in body.
Clinical signs are present and usually milder than in acute infection.
Periodic acute episodes may recur.
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| Subclinical infection | show 🗑
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| show | Bacteria in blood
Small numbers for a short period of time
Destroyed by circulating phagocytes but may lead to septicemia
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| Septicemia, Sepsis, Septic | show 🗑
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| Local signs of inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | Fever may be present.
Fatigue and weakness
Headache
Nausea
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| Normal Leukocyte count | show 🗑
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| Leukopenia | show 🗑
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| Leukocytosis | show 🗑
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| Normal ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) | show 🗑
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| ESR of someone with an infection | show 🗑
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| show | produced by liver, indicates level of inflammation
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| Differential WBC | show 🗑
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| show | identifying if something is gram positive or negative
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| Guidelines for Drug Therapy | show 🗑
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| Antibiotic | show 🗑
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| Antimicrobials | show 🗑
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| show | Drugs destroy organism
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| Bacteriostatic | show 🗑
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| Broad spectrum | show 🗑
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| Narrow spectrum | show 🗑
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| First and second-generation drugs | show 🗑
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| How does Penicillin work? | show 🗑
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| How does Polymyxin work? | show 🗑
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| show | Interference with protein synthesis
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| show | Interference with the synthesis of essential metabolites
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| show | Blocking entry into host cell
Inhibiting gene expression
Inhibiting assembly of the virus
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| show | Small living forms
Include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
Many can grow in artificial culture medium
Can be Non-pathogenic orPathogenic
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| Bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | Rod-shaped
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| show | Spiral
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| show | Spherical
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| What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear under the microscope? and why? | show 🗑
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| What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear under the microscope? and why? | show 🗑
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| Examples of gram-positive | show 🗑
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| Examples of gram-negative | show 🗑
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| show | Found in some
Outside the cell wall
Offers additional protection
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| show | One or more attached to cell wall
Provide motility for some species
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| Other Bacterial Structures: Pili or fimbriae | show 🗑
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| show | ALL BACTERIA
Inside the bacterial cell wall
Selectively permeable
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| show | Chromosome
One long strand of DNA
Ribosomes and RNA
Plasmids
DNA fragments; non-chromosomal; exchange DNA during conjugation
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| show | Proteins produced INSIDE the pathogen and secreted into the surrounding medium.
Usually produced by gram-positive bacteria
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| Endotoxins | show 🗑
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| Enzymes | show 🗑
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| show | Dormant form of bacterium that are produced as a survival mechanism when conditions are unfavorable.
Highly resistant to heat and disinfectants
Can remain viable for thousands or millions of years
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| Viruses | show 🗑
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| show | Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Spiral shaped
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| Type of Polyhedral Virus | show 🗑
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| Type of Spherical Virus | show 🗑
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| Types of Complex Viruses | show 🗑
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| If there is an Active Viral Infection, it is said to be in what type of reproductive cycle. | show 🗑
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| show | Lysogenic Cycle
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| When would you see symptoms of an active viral infection | show 🗑
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| show | months to years
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| Example of viruses that go through lytic cycle | show 🗑
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| show | HIV, Herpes, shingles
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| Main difference between the process between active and latent viral infection. | show 🗑
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| What is unique about Chlamydia, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas | show 🗑
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| What does Obligate Intracellular Parasite mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Common cause of sexually transmitted infection
Can result in infertility
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| show | Gram-negative
Transmitted by vector-borne (lice, fleas, mites, ticks)
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| What is Mycoplasmas | show 🗑
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| What is Fungi? | show 🗑
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| Common name for Tinea Pedis | show 🗑
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| show | opportunistic fungal infection, causes thrush and vaginitis
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| show | ringworm - fungus
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| show | fungal infection that causes neurologic disease and can be transmitted to embryo/fetus if woman infected
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| What is Pneumocytosis carinii | show 🗑
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| Protozoa | show 🗑
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| show | protozoa - most prevalent nonviral STI
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| What is Malaria | show 🗑
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| What is Amebic dysentery | show 🗑
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| show | (Flat or Round Worms)
Are not microorganisms - Parasites
May be small or up to 1 meter
Life cycle include Ovum, larva, adult
Enter body through skin or by ingestion
Common in young children
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| show | ovum inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas. Common in kids worldwide
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| Hookworms: | show 🗑
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| Tapeworm: | show 🗑
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| show | Ingested with food that has been grown in feces-contaminated soil or prepared with hands that have been in feces-contaminated soil
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| Prions | show 🗑
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| show | variant of the human prion disease
Both rapidly progressive and fatal
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| show | Many areas of the body have a resident population of mixed microorganisms
Ex: Skin, Nasal cavity, Mouth, Gut, Vagina, Urethra
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| show | organism can reproduce in or on body’s tissues
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| Sporadic | show 🗑
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| show | continuous transmission within a population
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| Epidemic | show 🗑
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| Pandemic | show 🗑
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| show | 6
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| show | the microbe causing the infection
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| Reservoir | show 🗑
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| show | A type of Reservoir where a person may never develop the disease but still is a carrier, person with subclinical signs of the disease
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| Portal of exit | show 🗑
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| show | Method by which the agent reaches new susceptible host
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| show | Access to new host
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| Susceptible host: | show 🗑
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| Direct contact | show 🗑
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| Indirect contact | show 🗑
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| show | Respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual
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| Aerosol transmission | show 🗑
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| show | Insect or animal is an intermediate host
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| show | inanimate object
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| Nosocomial Infections | show 🗑
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| What percent of patients acquire an infection in the hospital? | show 🗑
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| Reasons how nosocomial infections occur. | show 🗑
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| Host Resistance | show 🗑
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| show | the ability of a microbe to cause damage to a host.
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| show | Age (infants and elderly)
Pregnancy
Genetic susceptibility
Immunodeficiency
Malnutrition
Chronic disease
Severe physical or emotional stress
Inflammation or trauma
Impaired inflammatory responses
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| show | Invasive qualities, e.g., motility or enzymes
Toxins
Adherence to tissue by pili, fimbriae, specific receptor sites
Ability to avoid host defenses
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