Final-10
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| How the 90 second rapid processing (1965)became possible? | show 🗑
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| show | Automatic: 22 seconds
Manual: 5 Minutes
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| What are the reducing agents in the developer? | show 🗑
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| What is the trace of passage way in the processor? | show 🗑
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| show | Is used as the activator in the fixer. maintaining an acidic PH of 4.0 - 4.5 to enhance the function of the clearing agent. Also reduces agents from continuing to function when film is immerse in film.
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| Three subsystems of Transport system | show 🗑
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| show | Replaces chemicals that are depleted through the chemical reactions of processing, oxidation and evaporation.
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| What controls speed of transport system? | show 🗑
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| show | the most critical time period is the Developer: 20-25 sec.
(Fixer: 20 sec. Wash: 20 sec. dry: 25-30 sec.)
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| show | 92 to 96 F (33 to 35 C)
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| show | Developer, washer and dryer required precise temperature. developer (most critical) wash water is maintain at 3C (5F) or lower.
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| show | have a negative exteriors (where bromide and iodine are located) and positive interiors (where silver ions are located.
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| show | The effect of a film when unexposed silver halides are reduced.
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| show | When a silver ion obtains en extra electron, it is converted to a stable black metallic silver atom.
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| Silver halides thats have fewer than ____ silver atoms on their sensitivity speck are unable to open a gate and remain undeveloped. | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 major chemicals for development. | show 🗑
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| show | Reducing agent, rapidly produces fine detail shades of gray.
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| show | Reducing agent, slowly produces heavy densities. (black tone)
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| Contamination of developer | show 🗑
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| Why should the lid of the processor should be propped open whenever the processor is not in use? | show 🗑
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| PH of solutions | show 🗑
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| show | can result in silver stains or a yellowing of the emulsion after a few years.
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| show | is used for high volume units.
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| Flood replenishment system | show 🗑
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| show | when the film enters the processor, the entrance rollers activate a microswitch or an infrared sensor.
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| Layers of the screen | show 🗑
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| show | As screens age, their phosphors decrease in activity.
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| show | Is the ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation.
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| show | type of luminescence, is the instantaneous emission of light. Light is emitted within the time it takes an electron to complete one orbit.
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| What is phosphorescence? | show 🗑
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| show | delayed phosphorescent emission, common in older intensifying screens.
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| Normal life of intensifying screen phosphors is? | show 🗑
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| show | Resolution, speed, contrast and latitude.
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| Resolution and speed are affected by? | show 🗑
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| show | refers to radiation emitted with equal intensity in all directions.
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| Reflective Layer | show 🗑
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| show | Is used to check good screen- film contact. Areas of poor screen will appear blurry and cloudy.
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| Construction of various layers of screen | show 🗑
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| show | High atomic number is desirable to increase the probability of an incident x-ray photon interactions.
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| Spectral emission | show 🗑
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| show | small crystal size and thin emulsion
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| Low resolution | show 🗑
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| show | because they have greater absorption abilities, intensification factors, and conversion efficiency. Rare earth screens use phosphors with z# of 57-71. difficult to isolate.
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| How cassettes should be store? | show 🗑
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| Sensitometer | show 🗑
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| Penetrometer | show 🗑
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| show | instrument that provides a readout of the amount of blackening (density) of the film.
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| Base plus fog | show 🗑
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| show | between toe and shoulder.Useful range of densities.
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| show | radiographic relationship between amount of exposure and resultant density on the film (D log E curve, characteristic curve, Hurter and Driffield curve)
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| Dmax | show 🗑
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| Resolution | show 🗑
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| show | The amount of density a film produces for a given amount of exposure in the film speed.
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| show | activity of phenidone because affects the toe of the D log E curve.
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| show | directly
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| show | directly
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| show | directly
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| show | is the range of exposures that will produce densities within the diagnostic range.
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| show | inversely. as contrast increases, latitude tends to decrease.
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| Density | show 🗑
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| show | mAs
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| The minimum change necessary to cause a visible change in density must be? | show 🗑
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| show | increase
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| an increase in mAs will _____ density | show 🗑
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| show | decrease
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| increasing mAs will _____ contrast | show 🗑
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| show | Fewer shades of gray, increased contrast, low kvp, short scale of contrast.
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| Low Contrast | show 🗑
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| show | decrease
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| Decreasing SID will _____ IR exposure | show 🗑
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| Umbra | show 🗑
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| Penumbra | show 🗑
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| show | SID, OID and focal spot size, image receptor and motion.
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| show | is the 2nd of the two geometric properties affecting radiographic image quality. Is misrepresentation of size or shape.
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| Magnification size distortion is controlled by | show 🗑
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| show | the part is improperly aligned. Changes in the tube angle cause elongation, never foreshortening.
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| Guide shoe mark | show 🗑
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| Pi line: | show 🗑
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| show | dirty or warped rollers, leaves sludge deposit on film
Gray fog: improper processing chemistry
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| show | improper squeezing of processing chemicals of film
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| show | pressure caused by irregular or dirty rollers
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| show | oxidized developer
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| show | : underreplenished fixer
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| show | inadequate washing
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| show | improper dryer temperature or hardener in the fixer
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| show | : the function of aec is to eliminate the need for the radiographer to set an exposure time
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| show | determining the location of the AEC chambers is important. If plastic inserts are not provide to determined the location of aec’s a tech must take an image without a body part , exposed at very low Kvp for maximum contrast.
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| show | the signals from the cells are sent to a special operational amplifier which sums the voltages received from each cell. Divides by the # of cell that have been activated, and then terminates the exposure.
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| show | should be set at 150% of the anticipated manual exposure time
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| show | that generators automatically terminate AEC exposures at 600 mAs nor 60 kilowatt seconds above 50 kVp and 2000 mAs below 50 kvp.
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| show | the quantity or # of electrons flowing.
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| show | the amount of opposition to the current in the circuit
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| show | directly
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| The movement of electrons is facilitated by | show 🗑
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| Non-conducting materials are called | show 🗑
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| Rectification | show 🗑
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| show | : device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
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| show | is the most flexible and costly
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| show | remote control device that permits current flow through the circuit. initiates exposure.
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| Thermionic cloud | show 🗑
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| show | rotor-bearing failure. Also when temperatures exceed the melting point of tungsten melting will occur. (long used at high temperatures)
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| show | an incident electron interacts with an inner-shell electron, knocking out the inner shell electron and continuing in a slightly different direction, which creates a hole in the inner-shell, making the shell unstable.
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| Characteristic cascade | show 🗑
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| Bremstrahlung interaction | show 🗑
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| show | is the process of eliminating low energy photons by the use of aluminum. Reduces patient dose .
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| show | is the amount of absorbing material that will reduce the intensity of the primary beam to one-half its original value
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| show | Inherent (inside the tube), Added (outside tube), Compound (2 or more materials, placing high z# closest to the tube and lowest Z# closest to the pt), compensating (wedge and trough).
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| Quality of photons | show 🗑
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| show | mAs
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