MSK Vocabulary
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| muscular system | System of muscles that move the body's skeleton.
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| Muscle | Body tissue made up of bundles of fibers (long, slender cells) that are held together by connective tissue.
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| voluntary muscles | Controlled consciously
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| involuntary muscles | Controlled unconsciously
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| Skeletal muscle (striated) | Voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control.
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| muscle fibers | Skeletal muscle fibers are long, slender cells grouped and held together with connective tissue and covered with fascia.
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| Smooth muscle (visceral) | Found in organs, regulates internal functions.
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| Cardiac muscle (myocardial) | Found in the heart, pumps blood.
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| fascia | Band or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles.
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| automaticity | The ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply.
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| contractility | The ability of a skeletal muscle to contract (shorten)
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| elasticity | The ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed.
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| excitability | The ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting.
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| extensibility | The ability of the skeletal muscles to be stretched.
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| origin | The attachment site that does not move when the muscle contracts.
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| insertion | The attachment site that moves during muscular contraction.
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| tendon | Band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.
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| ligament | Fibrous cord of tissue that attaches bone to bone.
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| endomysium | A fine sheath of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber.
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| perimysium | A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles.
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| epimysium | A dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.
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| antagonist | The muscle that works against this movement.
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| agonist | The muscle that causes the primary movement.
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| abduction | Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
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| adduction | Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
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| inversion | The turning inward of the sole of the foot.
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| eversion | The turning outward of the sole of the foot.
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| elevation | Raising of a body part.
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| depression | Lowering of a body part.
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| flexion | The movement of two body surfaces toward each other, as in the act of bending.
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| extension | The straightening of a limb after it has been flexed.
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| hyperextension | The act of bending a joint or limb beyond normal extension or range of motion.
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| dorsiflexion | Movement of the sole of the foot upward (flexed toward the lower leg).
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| plantar flexion | Motion of the plantar surface (sole of the foot) away from the midline of the body.
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| rotation | Movement of a body part around its longitudinal axis— that is, lengthwise. (Imagine doing "the Twist" with your foot.)
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| medial (internal) rotation | Movement medially, or toward the midline of the body. (Imagine rotating one foot inward, toward the other foot.)
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| lateral (external) rotation | Movement laterally, or away from the midline. (Imagine rotating one foot outward, away from the other.)
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| pronation | Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face downward.
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| supination | Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face upward.
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| circumduction | Rotation of an arm or leg (as if "drawing a circle" with the limb).
This type of motion occurs in multiple planes.
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| frontalis | Forehead muscle. Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead.
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| trapezius | Upper back muscle. Extends neck; elevates, adducts, and rotates scapula.
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| deltoid | Shoulder muscle. Abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates
arm.
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| pectoralis major | Chest muscle. Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm.
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| triceps brachii | Posterior arm muscle. Extends forearm.
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| biceps brachii | anterior upper arm muscle. Flexes arm and forearm; supinates (rotates) hand.
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| latissimus dorsi | Back muscle. Extends, adducts, and rotates arm.
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| abdominal muscles | Stomach muscles. Flex and rotate trunk.
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| gluteus medius | Hip muscle. Adducts and rotates thigh.
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| gluteus maximus | Buttock muscle. Extends and rotates thigh.
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| Sartorius | Anterior thigh (crosses thigh obliquely). Flexes and rotates thigh; flexes leg
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| biceps femoris (hamstring) | Posterior thigh. Extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg.
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| rectus femoris (quadricep) | Anterior thigh. Flexes thigh; extends leg.
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| gastrocnemius | Calf muscle. Flexes foot and leg.
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| tibialis anterior | Shin(anterior lower leg) muscle. Dorsiflexes and inverts foot.
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