HLT Licensing Exam
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| The basic building blocks of plants are: a) leaves. b) cells. c) tissues. d) nomenclature nomenclature | show 🗑
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| show | d) nodes are the point of attachment for leaves not buds
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| show | a) water AND carbohydrates.
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| All of the following are parts of a leaf except: a) the stomata b) the apical meristem c) the epidermis d) the mesophyll | show 🗑
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| The root does not serve as: a) an anchor for the plant b) a site of uptake for moisture and nutrients c) a reproductive organ d) a storage site for carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | a) pistil
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| A perfect or complete flower contains: a) a pistil only b) a stamen only c) an even number of petals d) a pistil and stamen | show 🗑
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| show | b) a mature, ripened ovary
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| Food-storage structures of seeds include: a) the seed coat b) the embryo c) cotyledons and endosperm d) fat bodies | show 🗑
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| New plants are produced: a) from germinating seed only b) when photosynthesis begins c) after water and mineral uptake occur d) from germinating seed and adventitious root and shoot pieces | show 🗑
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| The primary function of chlorophyll is: a) to absorb sunlight and convert it to chemical energy b) to convert glucose to starch c) to convert carbon dioxide and water to energy d) to make leaves green | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not a fundamental process of plant growth at the cellular level? a) cell transformation b) cell differentiation c) cell enlargement d) mitosis | show 🗑
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| Which group of plant growth hormones promotes cell enlargement? a) cytokinins b) gibberellins c) auxins d) ethylene | show 🗑
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| Which group of plant hormones act as growth inhibitors? a) cytokinins b) gibberellins c) auxins d) ethylene and abscisic acid | show 🗑
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| Which group of plant hormones are principally responsible for apical dominance? a) cytokinins b) gibberellins c) auxins d) ethylene | show 🗑
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| Which group of plant hormones promote cell division, aid in the regulation of stomatal closure and may prevent aging of some plant parts? a) cytokinins b) gibberellins c) auxins d) ethylene | show 🗑
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| show | d) potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen
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| Which of the following is the correct form of the scientific name (genus and species) for annual bluegrass? a) poa annua b) Poa Annua c) Poa annua (italicized) d) Poa annua (not italicized) | show 🗑
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| If a plant name is preceded by "cv", you know: a) the name is the cultivar name b) the plant is disease resistant c) the plant is a hybrid d) the plant was grown in central Virginia | show 🗑
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| If a plant name is followed by "X", you know: a) the name is the cultivar name b) the plant is disease resistant c) the plant is a hybrid d) the plant is rare | show 🗑
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| A summer annual: a) germinates in the summer and dies the following summer b) germinates in the fall and dies in the summer c) germinates in the spring and dies in the fall d) lives longer than a biennial | show 🗑
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| A deciduous plant is one that: a) retains its younger leaves throughout the year b) c) has needles rather than leaves d) is usually classified as an annual | show 🗑
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| The major body segments of an insect are: a) head and abdomen b) head, torso and limbs c) head, thorax and abdomen d) eyes, legs and antennae | show 🗑
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| show | d) look on the insect's head
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| The life stages of insects with incomplete metamorphosis are: a) egg, pupa and adult b) egg, nymph and adult c) larva, pupa and adult d) nymph and adult | show 🗑
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| Which of the following insects does not undergo complete metamorphosis? a) white pine aphid b) house fly c) carpenter bee d) Japanese beetle | show 🗑
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| To describe the age (or size) of an insect nymph or larva, you would use the word: a) instar b) generation c) superstar d) molt | show 🗑
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| Pheromones are substances produced by insects which are used to: a) initiate insect growth and development b) make insecticides that disrupt the molting process c) increase egg laying d) cause a specific reaction in receivers of the pheromone | show 🗑
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| show | b) mycelium
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| The majority of fungi and bacteria: a) are plant pathogenic b) are beneficial c) feed on dead organic matter d) both b and c | show 🗑
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| Viruses enter host plants usually: a) through the roots b) through natural openings c) through wounds d) as spores | show 🗑
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| Most plant parasitic nematodes occur: a) in the top 6 to 12 inches of soil b) in aboveground plant parts c) in the top 3 to 6 inches d) in the phloem of infected plants | show 🗑
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| show | c) increased fruit production
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| show | False
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| show | c) as liquids
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| show | d) all of the above
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| Control valves should be located: a) between the pump and the pressure regulator b) between the pressure regulator and nozzles c) on top of the tank d) on all hoses | show 🗑
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| Which of the following usually does not affect nozzle performance? a) nozzle type b) operating pressure c) orifice size d) ambient temperature at time of application | show 🗑
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| show | a) a nozzle with a cone tip
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| For ultra-low-volume applications, the best sprayer would be: a) a backpack sprayer with ceramic, solid-stream nozzle tips b) a boom sprayer running at low pressure c) one fitted with controlled droplet applicators d)an air-blast sprayer | show 🗑
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| A hydraulic sprayer running at low pressure: a) uses more pesticide than at high pressure b) is usually used to treat large turf areas c) penetrates dense foilage d) is more likely to produce drift | show 🗑
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| Drop spreaders are better than rotary spreaders because they: a) are less expensive b) are generally more precise and deliver a better pattern c) usually provide a wider swath d) are more difficult to knock out of calibration | show 🗑
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| To ensure application accuracy, the following steps should be completed: a)calculate target area, determine amount of pesticide to apply, calibrate equipment b)calibrate equipment and calculate target area c)calculate area to be treated and apply pesti | show 🗑
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| The formula, radius squared times 3.14, is used to determine the area of a: a) trapezoid b) triangle c) golf course fairway d) circle | show 🗑
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| show | c) the percentage of the pesticide that is inert ingredients
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| show | c) 5 lbs
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| A 5G herbicide is to be applied at the rate of 5 lbs a.i. per acre to a lawn which is 100'x 200'. How much should be added to the spreader to cover the lawn? a)46 lbs b)100 lbs c)25 lbs d)43 lbs | show 🗑
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| You determine the delivery rate of application equipment, even new equipment, by: a) reading the manufacturer's literature b) consulting with owners of similar equipment c) making estimates based on initial applications d) calibrating the equipment | show 🗑
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| show | c) nozzle tips
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| show | b) shorten hose length
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| show | a) 87 gallons
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| show | d) active ingredient content of the pesticide to be applied
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| When calibrating a power sprayer, pump pressure should be adjusted: a) before turning on the pump b) while the pump is operating and water is flowing through the nozzles c) while verifying the travel speed d) every 10 minutes | show 🗑
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| Regularly used granular spreaders should be calibrated: a) weekly b) monthly c) by different people to verify accuracy d) only when a different size of granule is to be applied | show 🗑
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| The best place to calibrate a drop spreader is: a) the area where the application is to be made b) an area of at least 20 feet in length c) a smooth, flat area d) on turf covered by plastic | show 🗑
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| To obtain better application uniformity with a drop spreader: a) push the spreader as quickly as possible b) overlap swaths c) operate the spreader during times of low relative humidity d) overlap one application with another at right angles to the fi | show 🗑
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| The distribution pattern of a rotary spreader is best determined by: a) collecting distributed particles in a series of shallow, cardboard boxes b) operating the spreader on a paved area and observing the pattern c) reading the manufacturer's literatur | show 🗑
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| show | a) these spray treatments are usually applied to the point of runoff, therefore calibration is not necessary
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| show | d) (both a and c) the spray pattern is difficult to detect and the extent of coverage is almost impossible to determine
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| show | b) boom between nozzles
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| show | a) spray pattern uniformity
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| After spraying, the initial tank rinse should be made at the application site: a)so that leftover pesticide solution is not spilled when returning to the clean-up area b)to reduce the generation and concentration of wastes at the clean-up area | show 🗑
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| When preparing a sprayer for storage, which of the following is not done? a) tape over nozzle openings b) flush the system with a water/emulsifiable oil solution c) add antifreeze to the tank d) remove, clean and properly store nozzles and screens | show 🗑
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| Phytotoxicity is usually characterized by: a) shot-hole-type damage to foliage b) abnormal growth, foliar burn, leaf drop and discolored or spotted leaves c) growths resembling cankers d) wet, slimy areas on foliage | show 🗑
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| show | a) over watering after pesticide application
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| show | b) tall fescue (grass)
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| Pesticide persistence is not influenced by: a) soil type or texture b) application rate c) moisture conditions d) total area treated | show 🗑
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| The downward movement of pesticides through soil is called: a) runoff b) leaking c) leaching d) absorption | show 🗑
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| show | a) maintained, dense turf
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| show | c) do not apply when air temp is 80-85 deg F and relative humidity is low
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| show | b) lowering pump pressure
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| The most common form of pesticide degradation is: a) pesticide absorption b) chemical degradation c) photodecomposition d) microbial decomposition | show 🗑
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| Microbial decomposition of pesticides is most likely to occur: a) in a warm, moist, well-aerated soil with a pH of 6.5-7.0 b) at night c) in a warm, moist, well-aerated soil with a pH of 4.5-5.0 d) to the most toxic pesticides | show 🗑
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| show | c) use a larger nozzle opening size
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| show | b)they reduce pest infestations by regularly disturbing the pests
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| show | c) aphids
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| In addition to feeding, aphids damage plants by: a) depositing honeydew b) laying eggs in leaves c) transmitting diseases d) both a and c | show 🗑
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| White pines infested with the white pine aphid should be treated: a) when 30% of trees are infested b) when 30% of shoots of individual trees are infested c) when aphids are first noticed d) in late spring | show 🗑
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| A large, woolly mass on the trunk of a white pine indicates: a) a pine bark adelgid infestation b) a white pine aphid infestation c) a pine needle scale infestation d) an insecticide treatment is needed immediately | show 🗑
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| show | b) crawler
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| show | a) control the pests that produce honeydew
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| show | c) mealybug
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| show | b) look on the underside of leaves
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| Streaked, silvered foliage results from feeding by: a) mites b) lace bugs c) fungus gnats d) thrips | show 🗑
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| Fine webbing and bronzed foliage usually indicate an infestation of: a) mealybugs b) spider mites c) bagworms d) bark beetles | show 🗑
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| Damage by the two-spotted spider mite is most prevalent: a) on conifers b) during hot, humid weather c) during hot, dry weather d) in spring and fall | show 🗑
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| Circular galls on red maple leaves were probably caused by: a) the southern red mite b) true bugs c) leaf miners d) eriophyid mites | show 🗑
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| Small, black, spiny insects feeding on the underside of azalea leaves probably are: a) lace bug nymphs b) whitefly nymphs c) not going to damage the plant d) plant bug nymphs | show 🗑
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| Perhaps the best solution to home invasion by boxelder bugs is: a) insectide treatments in the fall b) sealing points of entry c) removal of boxelder trees d) treating exterior cracks and crevices with insecticides | show 🗑
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| show | c) making slits in limbs to deposit eggs
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| show | a) they have leathery wings that meet in a straight line
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| show | c) elm leaf beetle
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| Trees with branch dieback and cracked, weeping bark have been: a) damaged by egg-laying cicadas b) infested with flatheaded or roundheaded borers c) infested with bark beetles d) attacked by scarabs | show 🗑
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| Roundheaded borers are: a) caterpillars b) not important pests c) weevil larvae d) beetle larvae | show 🗑
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| White-fringed beetle larvae: a) feed in the roots of many trees and shrubs b) are leafminers c) are serious pests of turf d) feed principally on the roots of conifers | show 🗑
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| show | b) a Southern pine beetle infestation
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| show | c) the locust leafminer
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| In general, caterpillars feed: a) on foliage b) in groups c) only at night d) from the tops of plants downwards | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not a symptom of attack by Nantucket pine tip moth larvae? a) webbing on needles b) missing shoots and buds c) dead terminals d) oozing exit holes in trunks and large limbs | show 🗑
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| An adult rhododendron borer may be mistaken for a: a) small wasp b) small moth c) weevil d) caterpillar | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of attack by the dogwood borer do not include: a) girdling b) cracked bark c) leaf skeletonization d) branch dieback | show 🗑
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| Serpentine of blotchy streaks or blisters on the underside of leaves indicates infestation by: a) sawflies b) adelgids c) crawlers d) leafminers | show 🗑
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| Sawfly larvae usually can be distinguished from caterpillars by: a) their number of prolegs b) their feeding damage c) their mouthparts d) the time of year when they become numerous | show 🗑
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| Grasshoppers are most likely to cause problems: a) after migrating b) during warm, dry weather c) after heavy rains d) on shrubbery | show 🗑
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| Which of the following statements is not true? a) oak galls are usually caused by small wasps b) insect or mite galls can be chemically controlled after gall development c) one gall may contain several insects d) galls are abnormal plant growth | show 🗑
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| Severed flower stems are the result of feeding by: a) true bugs b) bagworms c) tent caterpillars d) cutworms | show 🗑
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| Cultural controls for slugs include: a) opening up garden and landscape space b) mulching no deeper than 1 inch c) irrigating affected areas daily d) both a and b | show 🗑
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| To reduce the chance of home invasion by termites one should: a) keep wood mulch at least 1 foot away from the base of a structure b) keep wood mulch moist c) bank mulch around the base of plants d) use pine bark mulch | show 🗑
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| show | b) regular visual inspections
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| show | a) white grubs and cutworms
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| show | c) in the spring after the soil warms up and mid-July to early August
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| show | b)spring treatments give best control
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| show | c) sampling should be done in the top 3 to 4 inches of soil
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| show | d) Japanese beetle
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| show | b) Asiatic garden beetles
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| Which of the following statements about Oriental beetles is not true? a) adults are major pests of fruit trees b) the grubs are more prevalent in unshaded and closely mown turf c) they have one generation a year d) adults vary in color | show 🗑
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| show | c) black turfgrass ataenius
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| Billbug larvae are similar in appearance to: a) wireworms b) spittlebug larvae c) white grubs d) clover mites | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of a billbug infestation do not include: a) patchy, dead areas b) a resemblance to dollar spot disease c) easily broken turf stems filled with small droppings d) small mound of soil | show 🗑
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| show | a) boring into the underground parts of stems
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| Small tunneling underneath turf is an indication: a) of a mole cricket infestation b) of a white grub migration c) that sod webworms should be treated d) that fire ants have recently invaded the turf | show 🗑
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| show | b) broadcast a bait, then follow with individual mound treatments
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| show | b) they are rarely more than 1 inch long when fully grown
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| Cutworm damage appears: a) in late fall b) as large, irregular bare areas c) as circular spots of dead grass or sunken spots d) as blotches on individual leaf blades | show 🗑
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| show | c) dishwashing detergent
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| show | c) damaged turf appears ragged
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| show | d) they are moth larvae
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| show | c) chinch bugs
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| show | a) a large can and water
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| Which of the following does not apply to leafhopper feeding and damage? a) sap is sucked from leaves and stems b) leaves appear blotched and stippled c) reseeding of new lawns may be necessary d) damage to established lawns appears as white patches | show 🗑
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| This cultural technique can reduce spittlebug numbers. a) daily irrigation b) lowering mowing height c) raising mowing height d) proper dethatching | show 🗑
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| show | c) plant pathogens
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| Most ornamental diseases are caused by: a) nematodes b) fungi c) viruses d) bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | c) providing shade
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| show | a) black spot
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| Which of the following does not describe symptoms of Entomosporium leaf spot? b)leaf spots develop depressed, brown centers w/dark, red margins c)symptoms 1st appear on lower branches & spread upward d)symptoms 1st appear on old growth of lower branche | show 🗑
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| show | a) placing trees in shady areas
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| Shot holes in dogwood leaves are caused by: a) Septoria (Italics) leaf spot b) spot anthracnose c) dogwood rust d) powdery mildew | show 🗑
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| show | d) on dead leaves
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| Galls on cedar and leaf spots on apple are caused by: a) nematodes b) rust disease c) vascular wilt d) a virus | show 🗑
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| Powdery mildew growth is enhanced by: a) high temperatures & high relative humidity b) proper fertilization & wet foliage c) insect feeding d) cool nighttime temperatures, high relative humidity & lush plant growth | show 🗑
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| show | a) powdery mildew
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| When should fungicides be applied to prevent leaf galls? a) in early fall b) at bud bread c) when spores appear on galls d) any time of year | show 🗑
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| Rapid death of foliage on lower branches of juniper is usually caused by: a) root rot b) cedar mildew c) gray mold d) Phomopsis (italics) blight | show 🗑
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| To avoid root rot, the following is not recommended: a) install healthy plants b) locate plants in a well-drained area c) apply a fungicide drench to the base of the affected plant d) remove diseased plants | show 🗑
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| show | b) during nursery propagation
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| show | b) herbaceous ornamentals
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| show | c) a stem rot affecting ornamental seedlings
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| show | a) the beginning of a canker
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| Dogwood canker affects dogwoods in all of the following ways, except: a) causes water sprouts to form b) makes tress more susceptible to borers c) causes decline over the years d) increases susceptibility to breakage | show 🗑
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| Black knots are most often found on: a) rose stems b) geraniums and petunias c) the underside of leaves d) plum and cherry trees | show 🗑
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| show | c)prune out small infected limbs in summer
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| show | c) remove the tree, including roots
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| show | d)lesions appear on leaves
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| Symptoms of Lophodermium needlecast of white pine may be confused with: a) symptoms of pine crown gall b) annual needle fall shed c) symptoms of rust disease d) damage caused by white pine aphids | show 🗑
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| Most crown gall occur: a) at or below the soil line b) primarily on herbaceous ornamentals c) on young plants d) during cool weather | show 🗑
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| All of the following will reduce incidence of crown gall except: a) control of root-feeding insects b) avoid wounding plants c) placing plants in full sun d) removal of infected plants | show 🗑
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| show | b) bacterial leaf spots
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| show | b) when susceptible plants are in bloom
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| The best way to prevent the fireblight bacterium from overwintering is to: a) spray the ground under the tree with a bacteriacide b) treat the roots with a fungicide drench c) remove fallen fruit d) prune out diseased branches | show 🗑
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| A distinguishing characteristic of bacterial leaf scorch is: a) younger leaves in the lower canopy are affected first b) green leaf tissue is separated from scorched tissue by a yellow halo c) trees recover within one year without treatment | show 🗑
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| show | a) formation of water sprouts
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| Which of the following should not be done to prevent diseases caused by viruses? a) control insects which spread the diseases b) practice good sanitation c) frequently irrigate affected plants d) avoid wounding plants | show 🗑
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| show | a) symptoms vary with host and host age
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| The best way to determine if nematodes are causing a plant problem is to: a) symptoms vary with host and host age b) apply a nematicide and wait to see if plant health improves c) dig up the plant and examine the roots with a hand lens | show 🗑
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| All of the following are symptoms of nematode injury except: a) swelling of roots b) stippling and spotting of foliage c) wilting d) stunting of plant growth | show 🗑
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| If all of the plants in a large flower bed are in decline, the most probable cause is: a) a fungus b) a cultural practice c) an environmental condition d) both b and c | show 🗑
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