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Term
Definition
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)   damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria  
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diabetic nephropathy   damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus  
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acute tubular necrosis (ATN)   damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria  
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diabetic nephropathy   damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus  
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hydronephrosis   distention of renal pelvis due to accumulation of urine in the kidney  
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glomerulonephritis   inflammation of the kidney; more permeable to protein and blood cells  
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nepritis   kidney inflammation  
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nephrolithiasis   presence of calculi in the kidney; solidification of salts in the urine  
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nephroma   kidney tumor  
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hydronephrosis   distention of renal pelvis due to accumulation of urine in the kidney  
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nephropathy   general term for presence of kidney disease  
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nepritis   kidney inflammation  
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nephrotic syndrome (NS)   damage to the glomerulus; protein appears in the urine  
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polycystic kidneys   formation of multiple cysts within the kidney; destroys normal kidney tissue  
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nephrolithiasis   presence of calculi in the kidney; solidification of salts in the urine  
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pyelitis   renal pelvis inflammation  
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nephroma   kidney tumor  
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pyelonephritis   inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney; common type of kidney disease  
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nephropathy   general term for presence of kidney disease  
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nephroptosis   downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney  
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Wilms' tumor   malignant kidney tumor; most often found in children  
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nephrotic syndrome (NS)   damage to the glomerulus; protein appears in the urine  
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bladder cancer   cancerous tumor arising from cells lining bladder; primary symptom is hematuria  
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polycystic kidneys   formation of multiple cysts within the kidney; destroys normal kidney tissue  
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bladder neck obstruction (BNO)   blockage of bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland  
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pyelitis   renal pelvis inflammation  
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pyelonephritis   inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney; common type of kidney disease  
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renal cell carcinoma   cancerous tumor of renal tubule cells  
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renal failure   inability of kidneys to filter wastes; results in uremia  
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urinary tract infection (UTI)   infection of any organ of urinary system, usually by bacteria; begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys  
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Wilms' tumor   malignant kidney tumor; most often found in children  
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oophoritis   inflammation of an ovary  
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bladder cancer   cancerous tumor arising from cells lining bladder; primary symptom is hematuria  
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ovarian carcinoma   malignant tumor of the ovaries  
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bladder neck obstruction (BNO)   blockage of bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland  
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ovarian cyst   cyst that develops in the ovary; may rupture causing pain and bleeding  
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cystitis   urinary bladder inflammation  
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cystocele   protrusion of the urinary bladder into wall of vagina  
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salpingitis   inflammation of a uterine tube  
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interstitial cystitis   inflammation and irritation of bladder  
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cervical cancer   malignant tumor of the cervix  
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neurogenic bladder   loss of nervous control; leads to retention  
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endocervicitis   inflammation occurring within the cervix  
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urinary tract infection (UTI)   infection of any organ of urinary system, usually by bacteria; begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys  
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endometrial cancer   malignant tumor of the lining of the uterus  
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oophoritis   inflammation of an ovary  
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ovarian carcinoma   malignant tumor of the ovaries  
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ovarian cyst   cyst that develops in the ovary; may rupture causing pain and bleeding  
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polycystic ovary syndrome   condition in which many cysts accumulate in the ovaries; in spite of this, patient often fails to ovulate  
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pyosalpinx   presence of pus in a uterine tube  
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salpingitis   inflammation of a uterine tube  
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cervical cancer   malignant tumor of the cervix  
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endocervicitis   inflammation occurring within the cervix  
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endometrial cancer   malignant tumor of the lining of the uterus  
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endometritis   inflammation of the lining of the uterus  
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rectocele   protrusion of the rectum into the vagina  
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fibroid tumor   benign fibrous tumor in the uterus  
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toxic shock syndrome (TSS)   staphylococcus infection occurring in menstruating women; associated with prolonged wear of super-absorbent tampons  
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vaginitis   inflammation of the vagina  
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endometriosis   the appearance of endometrial tissue throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall  
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pelvis inflammatory disease (PID)   bacterial infection that has spread through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity  
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perimetritis   inflammation of pelvic cavity around the outside of the uterus  
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hysterorrhexis   rupture of the uterus  
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menometrorrhagia   excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods  
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premenstrual syndrome (PMS)   group of symptoms appearing just prior to the menstrual period; irritability, headache, tender breasts, and anxiety  
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prolapsed uterus   fallen uterus; may cause the cervix to protrude through vaginal opening  
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candidiasis   yeast infection of mucous membranes lining the vagina  
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eclampsia   convulsions and coma occurring during late stages of pregnancy  
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cystocele   hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina  
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gestational diabetes   Development of diabetes during pregnancy; usually resolves after delivery  
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rectocele   protrusion of the rectum into the vagina  
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toxic shock syndrome (TSS)   staphylococcus infection occurring in menstruating women; associated with prolonged wear of super-absorbent tampons  
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hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)   occurs when a mother is R h negative and her baby is R h positive, mother's antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's blood  
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vaginitis   inflammation of the vagina  
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endometriosis   the appearance of endometrial tissue throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall  
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pelvis inflammatory disease (PID)   bacterial infection that has spread through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity  
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perimetritis   inflammation of pelvic cavity around the outside of the uterus  
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breast cancer   malignant tumor of the breast tissue  
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fibrocystic breast disease   appearance of fibrous tumors in breast tissue  
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lactorrhea   discharge of milk from breast other than normal lactation  
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mastitis   inflammation of a breast  
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abruptio placentae   placenta tears away from the uterine wall prior to delivery of the baby  
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eclampsia   convulsions and coma occurring during late stages of pregnancy  
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gestational diabetes   Development of diabetes during pregnancy; usually resolves after delivery  
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hyperemesis gravidarum   Excessive and severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy; may cause dangerous level of dehydration and weight loss; may require hospitalization  
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hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)   occurs when a mother is R h negative and her baby is R h positive, mother's antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's blood  
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infertility   inability to produce children; no pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one year  
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phenylketonuria   Inherited condition; baby lacks liver enzyme necessary to break down phenylalanine, a molecule found in proteins; results in buildup of phenylalanine in bloodstream and urine; phenylalanine is toxic to the brain  
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testicular torsion   twisting of the spermatic cord  
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preeclampsia   metabolic disease of pregnancy; may result in eclampsia; symptoms include hypertension, headaches, and edema; also called toxemia  
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placenta previa   formation of the placenta low in the uterus that blocks the opening to the birth canal  
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prolapsed umbilical cord   emergence of the umbilical cord from birth canal before the baby; the cord becomes pinched between baby's head and vaginal wall, cutting off the baby’s blood supply  
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)   noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland; common in older men  
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prostate cancer   malignant tumor of the prostate gland  
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prostatitis   inflammation of the prostate gland  
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pseudocyesis   the body acts as if there is a pregnancy when there is no pregnancy; hormonal changes are common  
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salpingocyesis   pregnancy that occurs in the uterine tube instead of in the uterus  
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spontaneous abortion   unplanned loss of pregnancy early in gestation; commonly called a miscarriage  
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stillbirth   death of a fetus of viable age; occurs shortly before or at time of delivery  
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anorchism   absence of testes  
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cryptorchidism   failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum before birth  
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hydrocele   accumulation of fluid around the testes or along the spermatic cord  
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orchitis   inflammation of one or both testes  
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sterility   inability to father children due to a problem with spermatogenesis  
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testicular carcinoma   malignant tumor of the testes  
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testicular torsion   twisting of the spermatic cord  
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varicocele   enlargement of veins in the spermatic cord; most common in the left side of adolescent males  
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epididymitis   inflammation of the epididymis  
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)   noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland; common in older men  
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prostate cancer   malignant tumor of the prostate gland  
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prostatitis   inflammation of the prostate gland  
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balanitis   inflammation of the glans penis  
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epispadias   congenital condition; opening of the urethra is on the dorsal surface of the penis  
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erectile dysfunction   inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to inability to maintain an erection  
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hypospadiaas   congenital condition; opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis  
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phimosis   narrowing of prepuce; constricts the glans penis  
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priapism   persistent and painful erection; caused by pathology, not sexual stimulation  
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diabetes mellitus (DM)   A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria; there are two distinct forms—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM, type 2)  
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diabetic retinopathy   Secondary complication of diabetes that affects blood vessels of the retina; includes hemorrhages, tiny aneurysms, swelling of the macula lutea, and cotton wool spots; results in visual changes and potentially blindness  
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insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1)   pancreas stops insulin production; occurs early in life; patient must take daily insulin injections  
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insulinoma   Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes excessive amount of insulin  
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ketoacidosis   excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus  
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hypothyroidism   hyposecretion of thyroid hormones  
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non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2)   pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin and cells fail to respond; occurs later in life; patient takes oral hypoglycemics and may eventually need insulin injections  
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myxedema   hyposecretion of the thyroid in an adult; symptoms include swollen facial features, edema, anemia, and drowsiness  
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peripheral neuropathy   damage to nerves in lower legs and hands secondary to diabetes mellitus  
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thyrotoxicosis   marked hypersecretion of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss  
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acromegaly   chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of the head and extremities  
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Alzheimer's disease (AD)   disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory  
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diabetes insipidus (DI)   hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia  
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anencephaly   congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth  
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dwarfism   hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature  
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astrocytoma   tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes  
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gigantism   hypersecretion of growth hormone in child or adolescent; results in very tall stature  
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brain tumor   benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure  
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hyperpituitarism   hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones  
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cerebellitis   inflammation of cerebellum  
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hypopituitarism   hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones  
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cerebral aneurysm   localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident  
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panhypopituitarism   hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; causes problems with the glands controlled by the pituitary gland  
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cerebral contusion   bruising of brain from a blow or impact  
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thymitis   inflammation of the thymus gland  
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thumoma   tumor in the thymus gland  
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chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)   characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue  
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congenital hypothyroidism   congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones causes arrested physical and mental development  
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concussion   mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact  
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goiter   enlargement of the thyroid gland  
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encephalitis   inflammation of the brain  
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Graves' disease   overactive thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter  
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epilepsy   seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain  
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis   autoimmune destruction of the thyroid; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones  
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hydrocephalus   accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt  
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hyperthyroidism   hypersecretion of thyroid hormones  
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migraine   specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea  
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hypothyroidism   hyposecretion of thyroid hormones  
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Parkinson's disease   chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait  
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myxedema   hyposecretion of the thyroid in an adult; symptoms include swollen facial features, edema, anemia, and drowsiness  
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thyrotoxicosis   marked hypersecretion of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss  
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shaken baby syndrome (SBS)   caused by violent shaking; symptoms include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, and retinal bleeding  
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Alzheimer's disease (AD)   disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory  
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)   temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to aCVA  
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traumatic brain injury   damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile  
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)   condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease  
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anencephaly   congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth  
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myelitis   inflammation of the spinal cord  
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astrocytoma   tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes  
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brain tumor   benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure  
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cerebellitis   inflammation of cerebellum  
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cerebral aneurysm   localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident  
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cerebral contusion   bruising of brain from a blow or impact  
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cerebral palsy (CP)   brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth  
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA)   infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; commonly called a stroke  
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chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)   characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue  
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concussion   mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact  
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encephalitis   inflammation of the brain  
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epilepsy   seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain  
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hydrocephalus   accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt  
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migraine   specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea  
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Parkinson's disease   chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait  
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Reye's syndrome   combination of acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection; also associated with aspirin  
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shaken baby syndrome (SBS)   caused by violent shaking; symptoms include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, and retinal bleeding  
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)   temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to aCVA  
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traumatic brain injury   damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile  
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)   condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease  
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meningocele   protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column  
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myelitis   inflammation of the spinal cord  
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myelomeningocele   protrusion of the meninges and the spinal cord through an opening in the vertebral column  
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poliomyelitis   viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent  
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spina bifida   congenital defect where laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal  
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spinal cord injury (SCI)   damage to spinal cord due to trauma; cord may be bruised (temporary) or severed (permanent)  
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Bell/s palsy   one-sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation; inflammation is typically viral in nature; most patients recover  
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Guillain-Barre syndrome   loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may be autoimmune; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk  
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multiple sclerosis (MS)   inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear  
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myathenia gravis   muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse  
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neuroma   tumor of a nerve or the sheath around a nerve  
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neuropathy   general term for disease of or damage to a nerve  
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polyneuritis   inflammation of two or more nerves  
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radiculitis   inflammation of a nerve root  
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radiculopathy   condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root  
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shingles   eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus  
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trigeminal neuralgia   sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve  
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epidural hematoma   mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord  
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meningioma   tumor in the meninges  
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meningitis   inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection  
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subdural hematoma   mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater due a tear in the meninges; can exert fatal pressure on the brain  
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achromatopsia   severe congenital deficiency in color vision; complete color blindness  
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amblyopia   loss of vision not as a result of eye pathology; commonly called lazy eye  
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astigmatism   condition in which light rays are focused unevenly on the retina due to abnormal curvature of the cornea  
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cataract   development of an opaque or cloudy lens, resulting in diminished vision  
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corneal abrasion   scraping injury to the cornea  
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glaucoma   increase in intraocular pressure; can result in atrophy of the optic nerve and blindness  
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hyperopia   condition in which a person can see things in the distance but has trouble reading material at close range; also called farsightedness  
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iritis   inflammation of the iris  
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keratitis   inflammation of the cornea  
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legally blind   severely impaired vision; visual acuity of start fraction 20 over 200 end fraction that cannot be improved with corrected lenses or a visual field of less than 20 degrees  
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macular degeneration   deterioration of the macular area of the retina  
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monochromatism   inability to perceive one color  
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myopia   condition in which a person can see clearly up close but not at a distance; also called nearsightedness  
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oculomycosis   fungus infection of the eye  
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retinal detachment   separation of the retina from the choroid layer; this damages blood vessels and nerves and may cause blindness  
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retinitis pigmentosa   progressive disease in which the retina becomes hard, pigmented, and atrophied  
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retinoblastoma   malignant eye tumor occurring in children  
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retinopathy   general term for disease affecting the retina; often related to diabetes and/or high blood pressure  
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scleritis   inflammation of the sclera  
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uveitis   inflammation of the choroid layer of the eye  
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conjunctivitis   inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually from bacterial infection; also called pink eye  
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pterygium   hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in the inner corner of the eye  
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blepharitis   inflammation of the eyelid  
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chalazion   Small, firm mass formed when an oil gland deep in the eyelid becomes blocked, it may or may not become infected; different from a stye  
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hordeolum   purulent inflammatory infection a sebaceous gland of the eyelid; also called a stye or sty  
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dacryoadenitis   inflammation of the lacrimal gland  
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dacryocystitis   inflammation of the lacrimal sac  
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esotropia (ET)   inward turning of the eye; people with this form of strabismus are sometimes said to be cross-eyed  
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exotropia (XT)   outward turning of the eye; people with this form of strabismus are sometimes said to be wall-eyed  
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strabismus   eye muscle weakness that results in the eyes looking in different directions at same time  
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anacusis   total absence of hearing or the inability to perceive sound; total deafness  
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deafness   inability to hear or having some degree of hearing impairment  
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ceruminosis   excessive accumulation of earwax resulting in a hard wax plug  
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otitis externa (OE)   external ear infection caused by fungus or bacteria; also called otomycosis or swimmer's ear  
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otomycosis   fungal infection of the ear  
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myringitis   inflammation of the tympanic membrane  
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otitis media (OM)   infection of the middle ear with fluid accumulation; fluid may be watery (serous otitis media) or full of pus (purulent otitis media)  
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otosclerosis   loss of mobility of the stapes, leading to progressive hearing loss  
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salpingitis   inflammation of the auditory tube  
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tympanitis   inflammation of the tympanic membrane  
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acoustic neuroma   benign tumor of the eighth cranial nerve sheath; symptoms include tinnitus, headache, dizziness, and progressive hearing loss  
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labyrinthitis   inner ear infection; may cause problems with hearing and equilibrium  
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Meniere's disease   abnormal condition within the labyrinth that can lead to progressive hearing loss; other symptoms include vertigo and tinnitus  
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