PSYCH 365 Exam #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Motivation | show 🗑
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| Energy | show 🗑
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| Direction | show 🗑
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| Self-determination theory | show 🗑
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| show | choosing own path/ behavior
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| show | succeeding at tasks / mastering new skills
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| Relatedness (Ryan & Deci) | show 🗑
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| Introjected regulation | show 🗑
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| Identified regulation | show 🗑
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| Integrated regulation | show 🗑
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| Regulatory focus theory | show 🗑
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| show | PROMOTE a desired end state (something we want to happen)
ex: find seasonal partner
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| show | PREVENT an undesired end state (something we don't want to happen
ex: pay bills on time to avoid bad bill
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| hedonism (early philosophy) | show 🗑
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| show | motivation that springs naturally from within/ internal satisfaction (i.e. pleasure, enjoyment, self-determination)
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| show | motivation derived from external rewards or punishments / avoid punishment if I don’t do the thing
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| show | increases performance
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| show | decreases performance
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| Approach | show 🗑
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| show | goals focused on preventing an undesired end
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| show | complex sequence of reactions to an internal or external stimulus that involves changes in thinking or cognition, physiological arousal and brain activity, subjective feeling, and motivated behavior, all geared toward affecting the initial stimulus
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| James-Lange Theory | show 🗑
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| Drives | show 🗑
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| show | subjective interpretation of what a stimuli means for our goals, concerns, well-being
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| Overjustification hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | external rewards/ punishments
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| 4 main aspects of emotion | show 🗑
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| show | approach pleasure / avoid pain
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| show | the ability to freely make choices
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| Influence of Darwin | show 🗑
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| 1950s: Behaviorism | show 🗑
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| show | roles of expectations/ values / personal understanding of what should/ should not happen
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| 1980s+: Social/ Emotional | show 🗑
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| Ryan & Deci’s Self Determination Theory | show 🗑
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| show | 1. need for achievement
2. need for affiliation
3. need for power
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| 1. Need for achievement (McClelland theory) | show 🗑
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| 2. Need for affiliation (McClelland theory) | show 🗑
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| show | feeling strong/ influencing others (aka seeking prestige/ status)
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| Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | show 🗑
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| Self-actualization | show 🗑
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| Douglas Kenrick’s Fundamental Motives | show 🗑
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| show | model in which emotional feelings from a circle; emotions close to each other on the circle are similar or likely to be experienced at the same time
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| Evaluative space model (dimensional) | show 🗑
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| show | diffuse, longer-lasting affective state of being not tied to a particular stimulus
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| show | Emotions are biologically innate/ universal + these emotions are triggered by specific evolutinary adaptive responses / can be universally recognized across cultures
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| show | idea that emotions reflect the intersection of several appraisal dimensions that can be combined in diff ways
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| What is Emotion? | show 🗑
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| Common sense view of emotion | show 🗑
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| Emotions- James-Lange | show 🗑
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| Revised James-Lange | show 🗑
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| show | Emotions are result of both physiological arousal/ cognitive interpretation of that arousal, experience physiological response to a stimulus/ then label arousal= emotional experience
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| Modern approaches (ongoing debate) | show 🗑
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| Discrete approach | show 🗑
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| Dimensional approach | show 🗑
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| Criteria for Basic Emotions (1-2) | show 🗑
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| Criteria for Basic Emotions (3-4) | show 🗑
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| What is Emotion: Discrete Apporach | show 🗑
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| show | Emphasis os on subjective feeling as the defining aspect of emotion, referred to as “Core Affect”
- Eliciting event → valence (pleasantness) or physiological arousal → both go to Feeling (Core affect)
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| Psychological Construct Model | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Both NATURE + NURTURE influence emotion
2. Emotions serve VALUABLE FUNCTIONS
3. APPRAISAL is crucial predictor of emotional experience / behavior
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| show | causes of some event that are removed in terms of time or process
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| Proximal causes | show 🗑
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| show | hormone produced by fat cells that generally reduces feelings of hunger
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| Ghrelin | show 🗑
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| show | newborn infants turn their head/ begin to suck when something gently touches the corner of their mouth
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| show | conditioned response to objects, places, other stimuli previously associated w/ rewards
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| show | elicits an emotional response is not the objective stimulus, but our subjective interpretation of what the stimulus means for our goals
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| show | prioritizes cognitive appraisal
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| show | arguing that appraisal causes emotions, but is not the emotion; emotions include physiological, motivational, behavioral response
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| show | emotions are not about isolated things out there in the world; about our “ongoing relationships” with the environment
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| show | 1. Approach (reward)/ avoidance (punishment)
2. Energy / direction → energy= where we getting this persistence / direct= toward it or away from it
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| show | 3. Neural circuits → same neural circuit / rooted in exact same processes
4. Predispositions to action
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| Emotion + Motivation Differences (2) | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Provide energy component of motivation
2. Serve as feedback on how goals are processing
3. can't talk abt one without the other
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| How are Emotions & Motivational States Activated? | show 🗑
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| 1. Natural Biological responses | show 🗑
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| 2. Reflexes / Instincts | show 🗑
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| 3. Conditioning | show 🗑
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| 4. Appraisal | show 🗑
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| Speed of appraisal | show 🗑
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| Speed of appraisal- Preps body for how to respond | show 🗑
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| show | already assessed some level that there is danger
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| 2. In order for an expression to come onto one’s face (speed of appraisal) | show 🗑
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| show | showed it so quickly, but already responded to it / there has to be something going on prior to the photo being shown
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| show | 1. Core Relational Themes
2. Appraisal Dimensions
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| show | prototypical kind of problem that need to address or benefit that one encounters in their environment
- ex: anger; theme: demeaning offense against me or mine
- linked to basic / discrete emotion theory
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| show | A common set of questions used to evaluate the meaning of every stimulus or situation we encounter
- ex: expectedness (dimension); question= was I expected this to happen?
- linked to component process model
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| Core Relational Themes (procedure/ results) | show 🗑
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| show | common set of questions used to evaluate the meaning of every stimulus or situation we encounter; appraisal profiles, rather than individual themes, are associated with specific emotions
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| Manipulating Motivation & Emotion (Research Methods) | show 🗑
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| show | vividly recall/ relive a personal experience w/ a strong emotion
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| 2. Scenarios | show 🗑
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| 3. Photographs or film | show 🗑
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| Limitations to Manipulation (1-2) | show 🗑
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| Limitations to Manipulation (3-5) | show 🗑
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| Measuring Emotions & Motivation | show 🗑
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| 1. Self-report | show 🗑
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| show | - Easy, fast, cheap to do
- Gives good idea of subjective experiences aspects of emotion (how are you feeling)
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| show | Likert scale lacks objectivity
People dont always have accurate sense of their own current state
Language / dialect differences
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| 2. Biological measures | show 🗑
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| Pros of biological measures | show 🗑
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| Cons of biological measures | show 🗑
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| 3. Behavioral Observations | show 🗑
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| show | Shows ppl’s responses in a natural/ real world way
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| show | Emotion concealment efforts
Variation in how ppl express
Time consuming/ challenging
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| Measurement "Trifecta" (3) | show 🗑
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| show | Some emotions are universally experienced → BUT what elicits that emotion is learned
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| Factor 2- Universal / Cultural Variation | show 🗑
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| Factor 3- Universal / Cultural Variation | show 🗑
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| Natural selection | show 🗑
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| show | characteristic/ mutation that is helpful for survival/ reproduction spread until it becomes typical in the population
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| show | Charles darwin proposed that just like biological traits, psychological traits/ states are part of the human evolutionary heritage
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| Emotions are Functional (3) | show 🗑
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| show | Can pursue a goal or feel an emotion at a situationally inappropriate time
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| show | time/ place in the past when an adaption spread through the population via natural selection
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| Evolutionary mismatch | show 🗑
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| Evolution & Motivation | show 🗑
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| show | immediate physiological needs
self-protection
affiliations
status/ esteem
mate acquisition
mate retention
parenting/ kincare
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| show | understand basic motives, we need to start from place of functionalism (what are the basic needs we need to survive)
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| Characteristics- Kenrick’s Fundamental Motives | show 🗑
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| show | eliciting event --> appraisal --> emotion --> behavior
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| show | 1. Some emotions are universally experienced
2. Some emotion terms only exist in certain cultures
3. Some goals are specific to the person, some are basic human motives
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| Natural selection | show 🗑
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| Adaptations | show 🗑
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| How they may be related to emotion (Kenrick's motives) | show 🗑
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| Phylogeny | show 🗑
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| Culture | show 🗑
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| Factors of Culture | show 🗑
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| Individualism | show 🗑
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| Collectvism | show 🗑
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| Vertical society | show 🗑
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| Horizontal society | show 🗑
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| Power distance | show 🗑
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| How emotion differs by culture | show 🗑
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| Biculturalism | show 🗑
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| show | complex where the same concept can also appear via multiple words w/ subtly different meaning
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| Weak version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| Hypercognized emotions | show 🗑
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| show | those for which a culture/ language have little cognitive elaboration or detail
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| show | profile of emotional states that is considered most desirable; varies from individual to individual and across cultures
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| show | Cultural affects the situations or contexts in which specific emotions are likely to be triggered
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| show | Underlying functions / appraisals tend to be more universal
Specific eliciting events/ expressive displays tend to be more culturall influenced
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| Social functions of emotion | show 🗑
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| show | ways in which emotions directly benefit the reproductive fitness of the individual experiencing the emotion
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| show | rom an evolutionary perspective → a characteristic is functional only if it leads to increased representation of your genes in future generations
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| show | 1. survive
2. reproduce
3. help genetic relative survive/ reproduce
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| Emotions are “Adaptations” | show 🗑
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| show | emotions often act as the driving force behind motivation, influencing direction/ intensity of our actions towards achieving goals; emotions provide the “feeling” component that propels us to act, while motivation is the internal drive to pursue
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| show | emotional experience, such as fear, anger, and sadness, thought to have evolved in response to specific kinds of threats and opportunities
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| Core affect | show 🗑
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| Amae (japanese term) | show 🗑
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| show | experimental manipulation that makes one of bicultural person’s cultural identities especially salient for a short period of time
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