10101 - consciousnes
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| sleep drive | adenosine
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| melatonin | the pineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain releases melatonin. regulate biological rhythms and immune system.
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| most adults needs _______ hours of sleep | 7-8 hours
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| most infants needs _____ hours of sleep | 20 hours
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| most elderly need _______ hours of sleep | 6 hours
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| EEG (electroencephalogram) | records electrical activity in brain
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| Rapid eye movement (REM) | associated with dreaming. has a state of body paralysis
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| non-REM (NREM) sleep | occurs in stages 1,2,3. no rapid eye movement and recovers daily fatigue (stage 3).
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| sleep deprivation | any significant loss of sleep. chronic deprivation can have mild to severe negative effects on health
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| sleep-deprivation psychosis | major disruption due to sleep loss
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| stage 1 sleep | nREM where sleep is light. has alpha waves and hypnic jerk
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| stage 2 sleep | theta waves. has spindles and k complex
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| stage 3 sleep | DEEP SLEEP. Used for rejuvenation. delta waves
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| awake stage | beta waves
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| beta waves | small/fast waves associated with alertness
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| alpha waves | large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
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| theta waves | start replacing alpha as sleep deepens
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| delta waves | deep sleep, deep large waves
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| hypnic jerk: | muscle jerk occurring in stage 1
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| spindles | brief burst of activity. related to learning and memory
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| K complex | very brief spike in wave activity. related to external stimuli
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| Freudian psychodynamic dream theory | emphasis on internal conflicts, unresolved issues, etc.
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| manifest content (Freud) | the actual dream and that is happening in the dream
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| Latent Content (Freud) | symbolism in dreams
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| activation-synthesis hypothesis | The brain tries to make sense of random signals from the brain stem. motor commands not carried out
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| What elements does the brain use to create dreams according to the activation-synthesis hypothesis? | Images from memory rather than external reality
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| insomnia | Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep, or waking early
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| drug-dependent insomnia | Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills
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| temporary insomnia | Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement. Avoid fighting it and read a book, for example, until you're struggling to stay awake.
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| chronic insomnia | Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks. Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the same time each night, for example.
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| tryptophan | Amino acid (chemical) that increases serotonin associated with relaxation, positive mood, and sleepiness (Found in starchy foods)mood, and sleepiness (Found in starchy foods)
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| SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) | weak arousal reflex. place baby on back to sleep.
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| sleep walking | occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4.
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| sleep talking | Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep
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| night terrors | total panic and hallucinations occurring in stage 4. not REM and no muscle paralysis.
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| sleep apnea | interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring, 20 seconds-2 minutes lack of oxygen
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| central sleep apnea | Caused by brain stop sending signal to diaphragm to keep breathing
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| obstructive sleep apnea | physical blockage of upper air passage
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| CPAP | breathing mask used as the most common treatment. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
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| ways to treat sleep apnea | surgery, weight loss, CPAP
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| REM sleep behavior disorder | Condition during dream when body is NOT in state of paralysis. Body may flail about wildly thrashing, etc. Not uncommon with individuals with PTSD
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| restless leg syndrome | Uncomfortable sensations in the legs while trying to fall asleep. Move about legs to relieve thus making it difficult to get to. Possible links to kidney disease and diabetes
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| psychoactive drug | substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
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| stimulant | Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
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| depressant | Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
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| number 1 and 2 drug in America | 1. Caffeine 2. nicotine
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| drug tolerance | Reduction in body's response to a drug; must have more to achieve same effect
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| drug dependence | physical illness following withdrawal of the drug
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| caffeine | STIMULANT. may lead to caffeinism.
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| Nicotine | STIMULANT. also known as a carcinogen.
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| effects of nicotine | Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women
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| alcohol | DEPRESSANT
intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors. lowers inhibitions, feelings of relaxation
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| marijuana | STIMULANT/DEPRESSANT
leaves and flowers of hemp plant. and has THC (active chemical). Is psychologically addictive
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| cocaine | STIMULANT
Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant; also used as local anesthetic
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| Anhedonia | (Inability to Feel Pleasure): Common after cocaine withdrawal Damages neural transmitter receptor sites and/or producers
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| ecstasy (MDMA) | STIMULANT
Chemically similar to amphetamine; created by small variations in drug's structure. Releases extra amount of serotonin. Repeated use damages serotonergic brain cells
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| Rohypnol (date rape drug) | DEPRESSANT
Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep.
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| amphetamine | STIMULANT
Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system (Dexedrine and Methamphetamine)
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| amphetamine Psychosis: | Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions
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| risk factors of SIDS | 1. low birth weight
2. teenage mother
1-3 months old: co-sleeping
3-12 months: crib environment
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