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10101 - consciousnes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sleep drive | adenosine |
| melatonin | the pineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain releases melatonin. regulate biological rhythms and immune system. |
| most adults needs _______ hours of sleep | 7-8 hours |
| most infants needs _____ hours of sleep | 20 hours |
| most elderly need _______ hours of sleep | 6 hours |
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | records electrical activity in brain |
| Rapid eye movement (REM) | associated with dreaming. has a state of body paralysis |
| non-REM (NREM) sleep | occurs in stages 1,2,3. no rapid eye movement and recovers daily fatigue (stage 3). |
| sleep deprivation | any significant loss of sleep. chronic deprivation can have mild to severe negative effects on health |
| sleep-deprivation psychosis | major disruption due to sleep loss |
| stage 1 sleep | nREM where sleep is light. has alpha waves and hypnic jerk |
| stage 2 sleep | theta waves. has spindles and k complex |
| stage 3 sleep | DEEP SLEEP. Used for rejuvenation. delta waves |
| awake stage | beta waves |
| beta waves | small/fast waves associated with alertness |
| alpha waves | large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep |
| theta waves | start replacing alpha as sleep deepens |
| delta waves | deep sleep, deep large waves |
| hypnic jerk: | muscle jerk occurring in stage 1 |
| spindles | brief burst of activity. related to learning and memory |
| K complex | very brief spike in wave activity. related to external stimuli |
| Freudian psychodynamic dream theory | emphasis on internal conflicts, unresolved issues, etc. |
| manifest content (Freud) | the actual dream and that is happening in the dream |
| Latent Content (Freud) | symbolism in dreams |
| activation-synthesis hypothesis | The brain tries to make sense of random signals from the brain stem. motor commands not carried out |
| What elements does the brain use to create dreams according to the activation-synthesis hypothesis? | Images from memory rather than external reality |
| insomnia | Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep, or waking early |
| drug-dependent insomnia | Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills |
| temporary insomnia | Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement. Avoid fighting it and read a book, for example, until you're struggling to stay awake. |
| chronic insomnia | Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks. Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the same time each night, for example. |
| tryptophan | Amino acid (chemical) that increases serotonin associated with relaxation, positive mood, and sleepiness (Found in starchy foods)mood, and sleepiness (Found in starchy foods) |
| SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) | weak arousal reflex. place baby on back to sleep. |
| sleep walking | occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4. |
| sleep talking | Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep |
| night terrors | total panic and hallucinations occurring in stage 4. not REM and no muscle paralysis. |
| sleep apnea | interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring, 20 seconds-2 minutes lack of oxygen |
| central sleep apnea | Caused by brain stop sending signal to diaphragm to keep breathing |
| obstructive sleep apnea | physical blockage of upper air passage |
| CPAP | breathing mask used as the most common treatment. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure |
| ways to treat sleep apnea | surgery, weight loss, CPAP |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | Condition during dream when body is NOT in state of paralysis. Body may flail about wildly thrashing, etc. Not uncommon with individuals with PTSD |
| restless leg syndrome | Uncomfortable sensations in the legs while trying to fall asleep. Move about legs to relieve thus making it difficult to get to. Possible links to kidney disease and diabetes |
| psychoactive drug | substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception |
| stimulant | Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system |
| depressant | Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system |
| number 1 and 2 drug in America | 1. Caffeine 2. nicotine |
| drug tolerance | Reduction in body's response to a drug; must have more to achieve same effect |
| drug dependence | physical illness following withdrawal of the drug |
| caffeine | STIMULANT. may lead to caffeinism. |
| Nicotine | STIMULANT. also known as a carcinogen. |
| effects of nicotine | Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women |
| alcohol | DEPRESSANT intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors. lowers inhibitions, feelings of relaxation |
| marijuana | STIMULANT/DEPRESSANT leaves and flowers of hemp plant. and has THC (active chemical). Is psychologically addictive |
| cocaine | STIMULANT Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant; also used as local anesthetic |
| Anhedonia | (Inability to Feel Pleasure): Common after cocaine withdrawal Damages neural transmitter receptor sites and/or producers |
| ecstasy (MDMA) | STIMULANT Chemically similar to amphetamine; created by small variations in drug's structure. Releases extra amount of serotonin. Repeated use damages serotonergic brain cells |
| Rohypnol (date rape drug) | DEPRESSANT Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep. |
| amphetamine | STIMULANT Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system (Dexedrine and Methamphetamine) |
| amphetamine Psychosis: | Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions |
| risk factors of SIDS | 1. low birth weight 2. teenage mother 1-3 months old: co-sleeping 3-12 months: crib environment |
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sofasophia
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