Uni of Notts, Addiction & The Brain, first year
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| Mortality from acute dosage | show 🗑
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| Long-term impact of alcohol | show 🗑
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| show | If measured by morbidity per amount taken then no but if weighted by both total morbidity & harms to society then yes
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| show | "If recreational drugs are tools, alcohol would be a sledgehammer. Few cognitive functions are unaffected"
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| Dirty pharmaceuticals | show 🗑
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| Immediate effects of alcohol on the brain | show 🗑
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| show | BAC increase correlates with a deterioration in behaviour. At .08-.1% BAC, alcohol enters the spine & inhibits motor & sensory neurones which causes motor impairment & makes driving dangerous so it's illegal to drive at this BAC
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| show | Due to GABAergic properties, alcohol inhibits anxiety causing sufferers to self-medicate with alcohol making alcohol abuse a statistically significant comorbidity with anxiety disorders
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| Effects of alcohol on rats in different anxious conditions (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Disrupts hippocampal LTPs encoding declarative memory by allosterically agonising inhibitory receptors & reducing action potentials which interferes with anterograde recollections leading to lapses & blackouts
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| show | Compared 4 experimental conditions of alcohol/sober at learning or recall. Participants formed 10 association words to stimulus words & at recall were asked to remember those words based off original words
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| show | Stimulated the perforant pathway to tetanus with an electrode in the dendate gyrus. In baseline tetanus remained high after stimulation demonstrating hippocampal plasticity but in alcoholic conditions it decreased
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| Alcohol's effect on reward systems | show 🗑
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| show | Probe inserted into region of interest, flooded with perfusate (artificial CSF) through a semi-permeable membrane. Liquid is then taken & analysed to measure extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitter
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| show | Impairs environmental mastery
Causes legal issues from consumption & effect
Could be used dangerously
Continued use despite, legal, social, or medical problems
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| show | Tolerance to positive effects
Physical or psychological withdrawal
Regular desire & effort to reduce consumption (inability to quit)
Daily routine dictated by procurement, consumption, & side effects of the drug
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| show | Neuropharmacological adaptations to chronic use raise baseline excitability meaning a depressant is needed to regulate neural function. These changes directly mirror acute effects of alcohol
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| show | GABA-A receptors (& other inhibitory receptors) are downregulated while glutamate (& other) receptors are upregulated
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| show | Withdrawal can lead to extreme excitement & potentially excitotoxicity of vital neurones, tremors, & seizures. Alcohol can inhibit brainstem neurones to the point of cardiac & respiratory depression but this is very rare
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| Dopamine transmission of alcoholic rats | show 🗑
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| Wernick-Korsakoff syndrome | show 🗑
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| Wernicke encephalopathy: 1 Korsakoff amnesia: 2 | show 🗑
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| Neurological deficits in "uncomplicated alcoholics" | show 🗑
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