General Psycholog Midterm Review
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| Prologue "A Rampage on Campus" | Virgina Tech
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| What is psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| Psychologists try to: | describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes
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| Behavior and mental processes: encompasses not only what people do but their | thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories and even biological activities
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| Behavioral Psychology | studies how living organisms develop behaviors in response to current conditions
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| Cross Cultural Psychology | studies similarities/differences in psychological function in cultures and ethnic groups
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| Developmental Psychology | studies how people grow and change from conception through death
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| Cognitive Psychology | studies higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making and language.
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| Evolutionary Psychology | studies how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance
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| Health Psychology | studies relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease
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| Personality Psychology | studies consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another
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| Psychologists: A Portrait (Minorities Preferences Re: Treatment) | Only 6% are racial minorities, lack of perspectives minorities can provide, without minorites in profession, other minorities discouraged from joining, minorities prefer to receive counseling from own race, may not seek counseling
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| Psychodynamic Perspective | behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
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| Behavioral Perspective | observable, measurable behavior should be focus of study
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| Humanisitic | all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop and be in control of their lives and behavior
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| Nature vs. Nurture | Behavior is relegated by their biology versus their upbringing
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| Four Steps of the Scientific Method | "1. Identifying questions of interests
2.Formulating an explanation
3. Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
4. Communicating the findings "
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| Prologue "The Deepest Cut" | Hemimegalencephaly: defect in which one half of brain grows larger than the other, causes seizures
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| Neuroscientist | Behavioral Neuroscientists: psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior
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| Biological Factors | Biological factors are central to our sensory experience, states of consciousness, motivation and emotion, development throughout life and physical and psychological health
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| Neuron | nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system
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| Neurotransmitter | chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron
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| Endocrine System | Endocrine system: chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the blood stream
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| Mater Gland | Pituitary Gland: found near and regulated by hypothalamus, "master gland", controls functioning of the rest of the endocrine system, hormones secreted control growth
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| Hemisphere Specialization | symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location
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| Lateralization | dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language
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| Left Hemisphere | verbal competence: language, speaking, reading, thinking and reasoning; processes information sequentially (one bit at a time)
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| Right Hemisphere | spatial relations, recognition of patters and drawings, music, emotion expression; processes information as a whole
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| Prologue "Only Blank Faces" | Prosopagnosia: selective development condition know as "face blindness"; lack of processing ability to detect subtle differences that make each face unique
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| Sensation | Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy, Process by which our sense organs receive information from the environment, Organisms first encounter with raw sensory stimulus
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| Perception | Process by which organism interprets, analyzes and integrates that stimulus with other sensory information
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| Color Blindness | 7% of men and .4% of women, most common visual disturbance
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| Most common form of color blindness | all red and green seen as yellow
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| Less common form of color blindness | cannot differentiate between yellow/blue
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| Least common form of color blindness | total color blindness: see in black and white
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| Trichromatic Theory of color Vision | three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds to a specific range of wavelength; One to blue-violet, one to green, third to red-yellow; Perception of color influenced by which cone is activated
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| Opponent-process theory of color vision | receptor cells, linked in pairs, working in opposite direction to each other; Blue yellow pairing, red-green pairing, black-white pairing; Object reflects light that is more blue than yellow, stimulates blue cells, inhibit others
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| Eardrum | vibrates when sound hits it
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| Cochlea | coiled tube in ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound
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| Basilar membrane | "vibrating structure that runs through the center of cochlea, dividing it into upper and lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound
-Covered in hair membranes: when bent by vibrations, send neural messages to brain"
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| Place theory of hearing | theory that different areas of basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
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| Frequency theory of hearing | theory that entire basilar membrane acts like microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound.
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| Semicircular canals | inner ear, consists of three tubes containing fluids that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to brain
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| Otoliths | tiny motion sensitive crystals in the semicircular canals, sense acceleration forward, backwards, or up and down, as well as constant pull of gravity.
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| Gestalt Psychology | Series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes
-Perception goes beyond individual elements that we sense, represents an active, constructive process carried out in brain"
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| Subliminal Perception | Perception of messages about which we have no awareness
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| Prologue "Nodding Off" | Sleep apnea: constricted breathing during sleep that forces the sleeper to wake momentarily, sometimes as many as hundreds of times each night
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| Consciousness | Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at any given moment
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| Waking consciousness | we are awake and aware of our thoughts, emotions and perceptions
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| Altered states of consciousness | all other states of consciousness; sleeping, dreaming, drug use, hypnosis
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| Unconscious wish fulfillment theory | Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
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| Latent content of dreams | Freud: the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
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| Manifest content of dreams | Freud: apparent story lines of dreams
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| Dreams-for-survival theory | dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocesses during sleep
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| Activation-synthesis theory | Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain
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| REM | Rapid eye movement: sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleep time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming.
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| Sleeping Better | Exercise during the day (at least 6 hrs before bedtime) and avoid naps, Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch, Drink a warm glass of milk at bedtime, Avoid sleeping pills, Try not to sleep
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| Insomnia | Some people who think they have sleep problems are mistaken: many fall asleep within 30 min and stay asleep all night
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| Night Terrors | sudden awakening from non-rem sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic and strong physiological arousal, most common ages 3-8
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| Narcolepsy | uncontrolled sleeping periods that occur for short periods while a person is awake, ppl go directly from awake to REM sleep
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| Effectiveness of Hypnosis | 5-20% of people cannot be hypnotized, 20% easily hypnotized
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| Meditation | Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
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| D.A.R.E.'s Effectiveness | "Repeated evaluations have been unable to demonstrate that program effective in reducing drug use over the long term
-One study showed graduates were more likely to use marijuana than was a comparison groups of non-graduates"
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| Signs of Drug Abuse | Always getting high, to high to go to work/class, feeling badly after because of something you did or said, legal problems, unable to stop, need it to get through the day, thinking about it all the time, avoiding family/friends
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| Prologue "Four Legged Coworker" | Learning is a fundamental topic for psychologists
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| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
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| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after its paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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| Example of classical conditioning | Pavlovs dogs: bell rang + food = salivate, conditioned to salivate after just hearing bell
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| Operant Conditioning | Learning in which a voluntary response (behavior) is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
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| Law of Effect | Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
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| Observational Learning | Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model; Referred to social cognitive approach to learning
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| Punishment | Frequently ineffective, particularly if it is not delivered shortly after the undesired behavior or if individual is able to leave the setting in which punishment is given; does not convey information about alternative, desired behavior
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| High levels of media violence | makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively
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| Exposure to violence in media may: | lower inhibitions about carrying out aggression; Distort understanding of meaning of other behavior, predisposing us to view nonaggressive acts as aggressive violence; leave us desensitized to violence
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| Retrograde amnesia | pt can form sentences but remembers nothing about past and only patchy facts about the world
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| Memory | The process by which we encode, store and retrieve information
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| Memory Encoding | initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory
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| Memory Storage | maintenance of material saved in memory
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| Memory Retrevial | material in storage must be located and brought into awareness
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| Sensory Memory | initial, momentary storage of information that lasts an instance
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| Short Term Memory | holds information for 15 to 25 seconds and stores it according to meaning
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| Long Term Memory | information stored on a relatively permanent basis, though may be difficult to recall
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| Applying Psychology, "Dulling the Edges of Painful Memories" | Reducing the intensity of traumatic memory may reduce their effect on people later in life, use of propranolol in treatment of PTSD/Tramatic events
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| Eyewitness Identification | -eyewitnesses are prone to making mistakes when recalling details of crime
-questioning format can influence witnesses
-weapons act as visual magnets, drawing attention away from attackers face"
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| Children as witnesses | children are highly vulnerable to influence of others
Ex: 5-7 y/o girls post standard physical, 3 girls indicated they had had a vaginal/anal exam (when they did not) and one indicated Dr performed exam with a stick"
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| Korsakoff's Syndrome | Disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and tendency to repeat stories
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| Alzheimer's Disease | Illness characterized in part by severe memory problems, 4th leading cause of death among adults in us, May be genetic: inherited susceptibility to defect in production of protein beta amyloid, necessary in the maintenance of nerve cell connections
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| Rober Ptman's Research/Propranolol Use Study | Ran study on those who recently experienced traumatic experience, half got placebo, other half got propranolol (bp med), those on med had less stressful reaction to memories
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| Goals of propranolol study | use propranolol to interfere with reconsolidation of traumatic memories that have been reawakened; Not blocking memory entirely but reduce its intensity upon reconsolidation so that victim will remember what happened but not be tortured by memory
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| Cognitive Psychology | Branch of psychology that focuses on study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging and decision making
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| Creativity | the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways
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| Divergent Thinking | the ability to generate unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems or questions
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| Convergent thinking | the ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic
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| Animal Language Development | Rudimentary in form
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| Chimps (Language Development) | have taught to sign, some have been able to create grammatically sophisticated sentences
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| Critics (Language Development) | Critics say that skill is no different than a dog lying down on command
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| Evidence (Language Development) | Lack of firm evidence that animals can recognize and respond to the mental state of others of their species, an important aspect of human communication
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| Intelligence | The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
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| Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence | Minimum of eight forms of intelligence, relatively independent of each other: musical, bodily kinesthetics, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist
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| Intelligence Quotient | "A score that takes into account an individuals mental and chronological age
IQ score = mental age/ chronological age x 100"
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| Mental Retardation | A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Most common causes of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
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| Achievement Test | A test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area
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| Aptitude Test | A test designed to predict a persons ability in a particular area or line of work
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| Intellectually Gifted | The 2-4% of the population who have IQs greater than 130; Most often well adjusted and outgoing, healthy and popular people who do most things better than the average person can
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| Culture Fair IQ Test | A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
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