senstaion, perception
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| Bottom Up Processing | sensory organs, five senses, detects change in environment
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| Top Down Processing | touch something, neurons go to brain and figure out what it is
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| Psychophysics | starts with complex, must have prior experience
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| Absolute Threshold | minimum amount you can detect with five senses
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| Difference Threshold/Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | minimum levels of change you detect
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| Weber’s Law | when change different threshold, so does JND
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| Signal Detection Theory | why someone will get it one time but not the next
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| Hit | something was there and you heard it
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| Miss | something was there but you didn’t hear it
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| Correct Rejection | nothing was there and you didn’t hear anything
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| False Alarm | thought something was there but you didn’t hear it
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| Qualities of Signal, Person Detecting, Background | volume of a signal, waiting for it, environment
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| Subliminal Stimulation | not much effect, any stimulation you detect less than 50% of the time,
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| Attention | direct your focus onto something else
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| Selective Attention | specifically focusing on one item
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| Inattentional Blindness | focusing on one item so much that you become blind to the other things around you
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| Transduction | every sense translates to brain so it can understand the process, change environmental stimulus into chemical impulses so the brain understands it
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| Seeing/Vision | inform of light waves, go to eyes
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| Cornea | outer layer of the eye, protects the eye, bends light toward the central focal point
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| Pupil | hole in the iris, size depends on light, controlled by iris
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| Iris | colored part of eye, controls pupil
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| Lens | behind pupil, bend light and focus it to retina, thickness depends on how much light will be bent
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| Accommodation | process of bending light to focus on retina
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| Retina | whole back part of the eye
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| Photoreceptors | specifically deals with light, not present in the optic nerve
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| Rods | 120 million, edge of the retina, sensitive when dark, deals with light, named for shape, detects movement, lower absolute threshold for shades of grey, central vision, black and white
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| Cones | 6 million, light, detect color, focus on details, in center of the eye in fovea
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| Bipolar Cells | middle layer of the retina, gather information from rods and cones and pass it to the ganglion cells
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| Ganglion Cells | all come together to form the optic nerve, lead to brain, top layer of the retina, receive info from bipolar cells and transmit it through axons
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| Fovea | central focal point of the retina, where vision is best
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| Optic Nerve | carries visual information from the eye to occipital lobe
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| Blind Spot | where the eye can’t see, when vision goes right to the optic nerve, no rods or cones
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| Optic Chiasm | information gets together and is separated into left and right visual cortex
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| Feature Detectors | only respond to certain features of an image
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| Parallel Processing | eye sends info to brain, brain processes it all at the same time
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| Visual Acuity | how good vision is
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| Nearsightedness (Myopia) | see close up but not far away, image focuses before retina
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| Farsightedness (Hyperopia) | see far away but not close up, focus image after retina
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum & Visible Light | ROYGBIV, red is low frequency and long wavelength, violet is high frequency and short wavelength
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| Hue/Color | determined by frequency, different colors
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| Amplitude | tip to tip of wavelength
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| Brightness | determined by amplitude
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| Saturation | non saturated: white, saturated: color
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| Additive Color Mixing | each wavelength adds new colors
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| Subtractive Color Mixing | each pigment absorbs different wavelengths of light thus admitting the color we see
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| Trichromatic Theory of Light (Young | Helmholtz Theory)
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| Hermann von Helmholtz | introduced the trichromatic theory
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| Opponent Process Theory | each color has an opposite color, light that stimulates one half of the pair of colors inhibits the other half
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| Ewald Hering | proposed the opponent process theory
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| Afterimage | after looking and one color for a while, you inhibit those neurons, thus you see the opposite color because those neurons aren’t tired
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| Color Blindness | lack one of the three types of cones
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| Adaptation | eyes adapt to different light
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| Light Adaptation | pupils get smaller so less light gets in
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| Dark Adaptation | pupils get larger so more light gets in
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| Pinna | outer ear, captures the sound
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| Auditory Canal (Ear Canal) | outer ear, funnels sound to ear drum
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| Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) | outer ear, turns sound wave into vibration
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| Middle Ear | amplify and intensifies sound
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| Ossicles | transfer sound waves from the eardrum to the cochlea, middle ear
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| Hammer | first ossicle
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| Anvil | second ossicle
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| Stirrup | third ossicle
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| Oval Window | sound travels through to get to inner ear,
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| Cochlea | looks like a snail, fluid filled, sound waves change into neural impulses
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| Basilar Membrane | cilia attached to hair cells that send auditory nerve
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| Auditory Nerve | sends information to temporal and auditory cortex
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| Amplitude | more: higher volume, lower: lower volume
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| Loudness (measured in Decibels) | height or amplitude of the sound wave
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| Pitch | frequency, determined by length of a wave
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| Hertz (Hz) | the number of wavelengths that reach your ear per second, pitch
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| Timbre | how different things make different sounds
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| Place Theory | pitch depends on where it is processed in the cochlea, low frequencies: tip of the cochlea, high frequencies: near oval window,
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| Frequency Theory | how many frequencies are sent to the brain, high: more, low: less
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| Volley Principle | cilia take turns sending nerve impulses to brain
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| Sound Localization | where sound comes from
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| Conductive Hearing Loss | outer or middle ear, cannot conduct sound to sent to inner ear, hearing aid
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | problem with the sensory nerve cells or nerves that go to the brain
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| Chemical Senses | taste and smell, receptor cells that respond to chemical structures
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| Papillae | hold taste buds, activated by taste
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| Taste Buds | taste receptors in papillae
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| Tastes | Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami
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| Pheromones | different chemicals released by different species, change other members of the same species
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| Skin Sense | Warmth, Cold, Pressure, Pain
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| Gate Control Theory | receptors must send information through brain to be processed, spinal cord may choose to open up so info can go to brain, or it will close so message doesn’t get to brain
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| Biopsychosocial Theory | biological: body detects pain, sends messages to brain, psychological: expect something to hurt so it does, social: is it acceptable to feel pain
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| Phantom Limb Syndrome | pain in limbs that you don’t have, feel like you have a limb but you don’t
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| Congenital Insensitivity to pain with Anhidrosis | people don’t have the ability to feel pain because they don’t have receptors, can’t feel temperature, can’t sweat
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| Proprioception/Kinesthetic Sense | ability to know where body parts are even if you can’t see them
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| Equilibrioception/Vestibular Sense | sense of balance, semicircular canals in ears, makes you aware of what your body does due to environment
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| Semicircular Canals | in ear canal, contains fluid, if fluid moves: you become dizzy and unbalanced
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| Sensory Adaptation | lose some senses because you adapt to it, used so you can focus on new things, not as much in eyes
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| Sensory Compensation | if you lose one sense, your other senses will pick up the slack
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| Sensory Interaction | senses work together to change or enhance senses
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| Perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
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| Figure Ground | organization of the visual field into objects/figures that stand out from their surroundings
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| Grouping (Gestalt Principles) | the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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| Proximity | place objects close together in the same group
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| Similarity | place items that look similar in the same group
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| Continuity | once an object appears to move in a particular direction, our brain assumes the movement continues unchanged
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| Closure | fill in the gaps visually, we look for a whole, not parts
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| Common Region | share an area so they must go together
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| Connectedness | connected with a line
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| Depth Perception | the ability to see in three dimensions and judge distance
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| Monocular Cues | requires use of only one eye, depth perception at long distances
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| Interposition | close object blocks the view of distant objects
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| Relative Height | distant objects look higher in the field of vision, close objects look lower in the field of vision
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| Texture Gradient | objects at a distance look like they have a smooth texture
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| Linear Perspective | objects seem to come closer together as they are more distant
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| Clarity | distant objects are less clear than close objects
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| Relative Size | if an object appears to be large: its probably close, if an object appears to me small: its probably far away
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| Motion Parallax | something in motion up close appears to move very fast, something in motion faraway appears to move very slow
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| Binocular Cues | requires use of both eyes, depth perception at a short distance
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| Convergence | translates tension in the muscle that controls your eyeballs into information about distance, predicts depth most effectively at short distances
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| Retinal Disparity | the difference between images you see with the retinas in your left and right eye
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| Stroboscopic Motion | pictures rapidly projected to create a picture of movement
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| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when lights are turned on and off
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| Visual Dominance | vision seems to dominate other senses with perception, rely on vision the most
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| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving the size, shape, and lightness of an object as unchanging, even as the retinal image of the object changes
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| Size Constancy | the size of an object remains the same as it comes closer or goes farther away, even though it appears to change
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| Shape Constancy | an objects shape does not change, just the angle
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| Brightness Constancy | constant level of lightness of an object no matter how the lighting conditions change
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| Color Constancy | color does not change, even though light changes
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