Chapter 16 Urinary System and Venipuncture
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| regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs | angioedema
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| complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys; aka anuresis | anuria
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| presence of bacteria in the urine | bacteriuria
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| contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages | bronchospasm
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| an agent that increases excretion of urine | diuretic
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| fecal matter in the urine | fecaluria
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| glucose in the urine | glucosuria
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| blood in the urine | hematuria
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| closure of the glottic aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx | laryngospasm
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| brand name for a diuretic | lasix
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| a therapeutic technique that uses sound waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed | lithotripsy
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| the act of voiding or urination | micturation
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| excessive downward movement of the kidney when erect | nephroptosis
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| excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 ml per 24 hours | oliguria
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| presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine | pneumouria
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| passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period | polyuria
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| the presence of excessive serum proteins in the urine | proteinuria
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| absence of formation of a kidney | renal agenesis
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| the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electroloytes under conditions of normal intake | renal failure
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| results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation | chronic renal failure
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| the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate | retention
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| an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism | uremia
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| an eruption of hives often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs | urticaria
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| an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the fifth decade of life. may cause urethral compression and obstruction. | Beningn prostatic hyperplasia
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| stones that form in the urinary bladder. | bladder calculi
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| a tumor that is three times more common in males than females. causes hematuria and frequent urination. | bladder carcinoma
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| structural or chemical imperfections or alterations present at birth. | congenital anomalies
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| involves two ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney | duplication of ureter and renal pelvis
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| describes a normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but rather remains in t he pelvis. this type of kidney has a shorter than normal ureter. | ectopic kidney
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| occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. | horseshoe kidney
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| abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction | malrotation
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| an inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. more common in females because of the shorter urethra that more readily permits retrograde passage of bacteria into the bladder. | cystitis
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| inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys | glomerulonephritis
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| disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys. most common cause of enlarged kidneys. | polycystic kidney disease
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| calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract | renal calculi
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| large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis, blocking the flow of urine | staghorn calculus
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| most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney | renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
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| distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction or the ureters or renal pelvis. | hydronephrosis
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| an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria. | pyelonephritis
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| increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to atherosclerosis. | renal hypertension
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| a fistula that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon. | vesicoretal fistula
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| scout demonstrates abnormal calcifications that may be urinary calculi. after injection, the AP projection may demonstrate signs of obstruction, hydronephrosis, tumor, or infection. | AP projection (scout and series): intravenous (excretory) urography
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| nephrogram or nephrotomogram demonstrates conditions and trauma to the renal parenchyma. renal cysts and/or adrenal masses may be demonstrated during this phase of the IVU. | nephrotomogram and nephrogram: intravenous (excretory) urography
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| signs of infection, trauma, and obstruction of the elevated kidney are shown. also demonstrates trauma or obstruction of the downside ureter. | RPO and LPO positions: intravenous (excretory) urography
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| position may demonstrate enlarged prostate (possible BPH) or prolapse of the bladder. the erect position demonstrates nephrotosis (abnormal positional change of kidneys). | AP projection: intravenous (excretory) urography. postvoid
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| pyelonephritis and other conditions involving the collecting system of the kidney are shown. | AP projection: intravenous (excretory) urography. ureteric compression
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| signs of cystitis, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and bladder calculi are visualized. lateral demonstrates possible fistulas between bladder and uterus or rectum. | AP projection. LPO and RPO positions. Lateral position (optinal): cystography
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| functional study of the urinary bladder and urethra determines cause of urinary retention and evaluates for possible vesicoureteral reflux. | RPO (30) position- male. AP projection- female: voiding cystourethrography
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